Chemistry: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies + Free Online Practice

435 Pages·2014·33.56 MB·English

by  Heather R.

1,001 Chemistry
Practice Problems
by Heather Hattori and Richard H. Langley, PhD
1,001 Chemistry Practice Problems For Dummies®
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Media and software compilation copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit-
ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permis-
sion of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax (201) 748-
6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and
related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and may not be
used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: WHILE THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED
THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS BOOK, THEY MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRAN-
TIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND
SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTA-
TIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY
NOT BE SUITABLE FOR YOUR SITUATION. YOU SHOULD CONSULT WITH A PROFESSIONAL WHERE
APPROPRIATE. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES
ARISING HEREFROM.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care
Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax [phone]. For
technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material
included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand.
If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you
may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley
products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013949063
ISBN 978-1-118-54932-2 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-118-54933-9 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-54935-3 (ebk);
ISBN 978-1-118-54940-7 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents at a Glance
Introduction ............................................................................1
Part I: The Questions ................................................................5
Chapter 1: Units and Unit Conversions ..............................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Scientific Notation and Significant Figures ...................................................................15
Chapter 3: Matter and Energy ...........................................................................................................21
Chapter 4: The Atom and Nuclear Chemistry .................................................................................27
Chapter 5: Periodicity and the Periodic Table ................................................................................35
Chapter 6: Ionic Bonding ...................................................................................................................41
Chapter 7: Covalent Bonding.............................................................................................................49
Chapter 8: Molecular Geometry ........................................................................................................55
Chapter 9: Chemical Reactions .........................................................................................................63
Chapter 10: Molar Calculations .........................................................................................................73
Chapter 11: Thermochemistry ..........................................................................................................83
Chapter 12: Gases ...............................................................................................................................97
Chapter 13: Solutions (The Chemistry Kind) ................................................................................107
Chapter 14: Acids and Bases ...........................................................................................................115
Chapter 15: Graphing Basics ...........................................................................................................125
Part II: The Answers ............................................................131
Chapter 16: Answers and Explanations .........................................................................................133
Appendix: The Periodic Table of Elements ..............................407
Index ..................................................................................409

Table of Contents
Introduction .............................................................................1
What You’ll Find .................................................................................................................1
Beyond the Book ................................................................................................................2
What you’ll find online .............................................................................................2
How to register ..........................................................................................................2
Where to Go for Additional Help ......................................................................................3
Part I: The Questions ................................................................5
Chapter 1: Units and Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Problems You’ll Work On ..........................................................................................7
What to Watch Out For ......................................................................................................7
Understanding Metric Prefixes and Units ........................................................................8
Choosing Appropriate Units .............................................................................................8
Doing Metric Conversions .................................................................................................9
Converting between Systems of Measurement ............................................................10
Using Dimensional Analysis ............................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Scientific Notation and Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................15
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................15
Putting Numbers in Scientific Notation .........................................................................16
Taking Numbers out of Scientific Notation ...................................................................16
Calculating with Numbers in Scientific Notation ..........................................................16
Recognizing Significant Figures ......................................................................................18
Writing Answers with the Right Number of Sig Figs ....................................................18
Chapter 3: Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................21
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................21
Phases of Matter and Phase Changes ............................................................................22
Classifying Substances and Mixtures .............................................................................22
Properties of Matter .........................................................................................................23
Calculating Density ...........................................................................................................24
Working with Energy ........................................................................................................25
Chapter 4: The Atom and Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................27
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................27
Isotopes and Subatomic Particles ..................................................................................28
Electrons and Quantum Mechanics ...............................................................................30
Average Atomic Mass .......................................................................................................31
vvii
1,001 Chemistry Practice Problems For Dummies
Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Decay ...........................................................................32
Completing Nuclear Reactions .......................................................................................33
Half-Lives ...........................................................................................................................33
Chapter 5: Periodicity and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................35
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................35
Element Symbols and Names ..........................................................................................36
Structure of the Periodic Table ......................................................................................37
Periodic Trends ................................................................................................................38
Chapter 6: Ionic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................41
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................41
Naming Binary Compounds ............................................................................................42
Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions ...................................................................43
Writing Formulas of Binary Compounds .......................................................................44
Writing Formulas of Compounds with P olyatomic Ions ..............................................46
Chapter 7: Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................49
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................49
Prefixes in Covalent- Compound Names .........................................................................50
Naming Covalent Compounds ........................................................................................50
Writing Formulas of Covalent Compounds ...................................................................52
Chapter 8: Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................55
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................55
Valence Electrons .............................................................................................................56
Predicting Bond Types ....................................................................................................57
Basic Molecular Shapes ...................................................................................................58
Exceptional Molecular Shapes ........................................................................................59
Polarity of Molecules .......................................................................................................61
Chapter 9: Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................63
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................63
Classifying Reactions from Chemical Equations ..........................................................64
Classifying Reactions from Word Equations .................................................................65
Predicting Reactions ........................................................................................................66
Balancing Chemical Reactions ........................................................................................67
Balancing Reactions from Word Equations ...................................................................68
Predicting Products and Balancing Reactions ..............................................................69
Redox and Acid-Base Reactions .....................................................................................70
vviiii
Table of Contents
Chapter 10: Molar Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................73
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................73
Calculating Molar Mass ....................................................................................................74
Finding Mass Percent .......................................................................................................75
Empirical Formulas ..........................................................................................................76
Molecular Formulas ..........................................................................................................76
Mole Calculations .............................................................................................................77
Percent Yield .....................................................................................................................81
Limiting Reactants ............................................................................................................82
Chapter 11: Thermochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................83
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................83
Converting Temperatures ...............................................................................................84
Phase Changes and Energy .............................................................................................85
Specific Heat and Calorimetry ........................................................................................90
Heats of Formation ...........................................................................................................91
Enthalpy Changes with Hess’s Law ................................................................................92
Chapter 12: Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
The Problems You’ll Work On ........................................................................................97
What to Watch Out For ....................................................................................................97
Converting Pressure Units ..............................................................................................98
Boyle’s Law ........................................................................................................................98
Charles’s Law ....................................................................................................................99
Gay-Lussac’s Law ............................................................................................................100
The Combined Gas Law .................................................................................................101
Avogadro’s Law ..............................................................................................................103
The Ideal Gas Law ...........................................................................................................103
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures .................................................................................104
Graham’s Law ..................................................................................................................105
Gas Stoichiometry ..........................................................................................................106
Chapter 13: Solutions (The Chemistry Kind) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
The Problems You’ll Work On ......................................................................................107
What to Watch Out For ..................................................................................................107
Solutions, Solvents, and Solutes ...................................................................................108
Concentration Calculations ...........................................................................................109
Dilution ............................................................................................................................110
Molality ............................................................................................................................110
Colligative Properties .....................................................................................................111
vviiiiii
1,001 Chemistry Practice Problems For Dummies
Chapter 14: Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
The Problems You’ll Work On ......................................................................................115
What to Watch Out For ..................................................................................................115
Identifying Acids and Bases ..........................................................................................116
Conjugate Acids and Bases ...........................................................................................116
Finding pH and pOH of Strong Acids and Bases .........................................................117
Finding pH and pOH of Weak Acids and Bases ...........................................................118
Stoichiometry of Titrations ...........................................................................................119
Buffer Solutions ..............................................................................................................120
Titrations and pH Changes ............................................................................................121
Chapter 15: Graphing Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The Problems You’ll Work On ......................................................................................125
What to Watch Out For ..................................................................................................125
Graphing ..........................................................................................................................126
Part II: The Answers .............................................................131
Chapter 16: Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Appendix: The Periodic Table of Elements ...............................407
Index ...................................................................................409