Chemicals in the Environment. Fate, Impacts, and Remediation PDF
Preview Chemicals in the Environment. Fate, Impacts, and Remediation
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 806 Chemicals in the Environment g acs.orw001 ubs.06.f Fate, Impacts, and Remediation p8 p://2-0 htt00 2 | k-2 1b er 14, 2010.1021/ mboi: Robert L. Lipnick, Editor Septe02 | d U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3 on 4, 20 42 6.152.1anuary RobeUrntiv ePrs.i tMy ofa Msoarnyl,a nEdd itor 6J 217.ate: by n D Margaret L. Phillips, Editor wnloaded Publicatio University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center o D Charles U. Pittman, Jr., Editor Mississippi State University American Chemical Society, Washington, DC In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. TD 196 .C45C482 2002 c. 1 Chemicals in the environment : fate, impacts, and Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chemicals in the environment : fate, impacts, and remediation / Robert L. Lipnick ... [et al.], editor. p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 806) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN0-8412-3776-X 1. Pollution—Environmental aspects—Congresses. g acs.orw001 I. Lipnick, Robert L. (Robert Louis), 1941- II. Series. ubs.06.f TD196.C45 C482 2001 p8 p://2-0 628.5 '2—dc21 2001046445 htt00 12 | bk-2 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American er 14, 2010.1021/ NMaattieorniaalls ,S AtaNndSaIr Zd 3f9o.r4 8I-n1fo9r8m4a. tion Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library mboi: Copyright © 2002 American Chemical Society Septe02 | d Distributed by Oxford University Press 3 on 4, 20 Tinh teh ed ecshiganp temros tfiflo faotirn tgh iasb boovoek a croevperers ceonntastiisotns ooff swomateer ,e xlaanmdp, leans do fs kmyo. lTehcuel easrt wdiosrcku swseads 42 66.152.1January RpCrooobmveimdrteo Ldn. w Lbeiyap lnthDic akUv. indi veHrs. itLyi,p annidck t,h ea thsrtueed-ednimt einns iothnea l Scchheomoilc aolf s ttrhuec tuArersts geant erVatiergdi nbiya 217.ate: by n D All Rights Reserved. Reprographic copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or ded atio 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act is allowed for internal use only, provided that a per wnloaPublic -2c2h2a pRteors efeweo oofd $ D20ri.v5e0, pDluans v$e0r.s7, 5M pAe r0 p1a9g2e3 ,i sU pSaAid. tRoe tphueb Clicoaptyioring ohrt Crelperaordanucctei oCne nfoterr ,s aIlnec ., o of pages in this book is permitted only under license from ACS. Direct these and other D permission requests to ACS Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA American Chemical Society Library 1155 16th St., N.W. In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; Washington, D.C. 20036 ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. Foreword The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a g acs.orw001 mof etchhea nsiesrmie sf oisr ptou bpluibshliisnhg tsiymmelpyo, sciao mqupircekhleyn siniv beo booko fkosr mde. vTehloep pedu rpfroosme bs.6.f ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific research. Occasion u0 p8 p://2-0 ally, books are developed from symposia sponsored by other organiza htt00 tions when the topic is of keen interest to the chemistry audience. 12 | bk-2 Before agreeing to publish a book, the proposed table of contents is er 14, 2010.1021/ trheev ieawudeide nfocer .a pSpormoper ipaatep earsn dm caoym pbere heexncsliuvdee dc otvoe rbaegtete ra nfdo cfuosr itnhtee rbesoto tko; mboi: others may be added to provide comprehensiveness. When appropriate, Septe02 | d roevveirevwieewd oprr iionrt rotod ufcitnoarly acchcaepptetarsn caer e oard dreedje.c Dtioranf,t s aonfd c hmaapnteurssc rairpet sp eaerre- 3 on 4, 20 prepared in camera-ready format. 66.152.14January 2 pinacpAleursds e aad rr uein len t,oh ote n avlcyoc leouprmitgeeidns.. a lV reersbeaatricmh rpeappreordsu acntido nosr iogfi nparle vreiovuieswly ppaupbelriss haerde 217.ate: by n D ACS Books Department ded atio wnloaPublic o D In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. Preface This book is derived from a symposium sponsored by the American Chemical Society (ACS) Division of Environmental Chemistry. "Environmental Chemistry: Emphasis on EPA Research and EPA Sponsored Research," which g was organized for the ACS National Meeting in Washington, D.C., August 20- or1 bs.acs.6.pr00 2P4ro, t2e0ct0i0o.n TAheg egnocayl (oEf PthAe )s ryemsepaorcshiu man wd atso tofo hstiegrh ltihgeh te txhcihs aUn.gSe. Eonf viinrfoonrmmeantitoanl u0 2 | http://pk-2002-08 admireocnTtg hc eor enistdeaeacnrtsct ihfw icgitarhot iugoprnas n.o tfe PEeasPp.A1e r sr ewseearrec hs ogliocailtse di sw igtuh idae cda lbl yf oGr opaalp e8r so,f aths ew e1l9l 9a3s 1b mber 14, 20oi: 10.1021/ ukGnnodovewerrslnetadmngedeni nta gnP de rofmfo remethnaovndicrseo ntaomn dedn eRttaeelcs tu,rl itasskb A,a tceat,,l otaonn gda p wapvliytoh is do suetnnadtve i-srocofine-mtnhceeen- atfarotlr ipsmrcoipebrnloetvimfeisdc. ed Increased availability of environmental measurements and models for extending Sept02 | these data permit assessing environmental exposures and potential risks posed 3 on 4, 20 by contaminants, particularly to children. How these goals are expressed each 7.66.152.14e: January 2 ryloeegnaugr latwetoritmrhy , raaegss pewnecectly l . taos innetwer nparli orreisteieasr cthh aat nadri snee, wg igvreann tth es odliecmitaantidosn sp lraecfleedc tus pboont ha by 21n Dat and aTnh ee vseynminpgo spiousmte rc osnessissitoend woift h3 21 5o raadl dpirteiosennatla ptiaopnesr si.2n 5T hhea lsft-rduacyt ursee ssoifo nthse, nloaded ublicatio symposium followed from the major topics identified in the original call for wP o D lNo effort was made to identify the mechanism by which individual grantees were funded, or how this work reflects EPA priorities in a more specific fashion. 2The complete set of extended abstracts for the symposium are part of the Preprints of Extended Abstracts for this Division (Vol. 40, No. 4, ISSN 1520- 0520-0507) and are available through the Division's Business Office: Ruth A. Hathaway, 1810 Georgia Street, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701-3816 (telephone: 573-334-3827). ix In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. papers, and a need to divide these up accordingly. The oral presentation sessions were entitled: Soil/Sediment: Fate and Transport: Parts 1 and 2; Atmospheric Fate and Transport; Environmental Impacts and Monitoring; and Remediation: New Methodologies. The poster session included papers specifically requested to be posters, as well as those outside the scope of these major topics. Following the symposium, the ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry encouraged Robert L. Lipnick to develop the presented papers as an ACS Symposium Series volume. Three of the symposium participants (Robert L. Mason, Margaret L. Phillips, and Charles U. Pittman, Jr.) agreed to participate as editors, each applying specific expertise to papers derived from symposium sessions in which their oral presentations were given. With this approach, a book proposal was reviewed and approved by the ACS Books Department. g Pittman has expertise in chemical remediation treatments and organic chemistry. bs.acs.or6.pr001 eMspaesocina llhya sh eeaxvpye rmtiseeta lisn, itnh et hefa taet maonsdp hteraren spanodrt ino f aqinuoartgica nsiycs tcehmesm. icPahlsi,l laipnsd' u0 p8 research interests focus on human exposure assessment. Lipnick has expertise 2 | http://k-2002-0 iqnu atthitea tivceo rsrterluactitounre -oafc ticvhietym rieclaalt iosntrsuhcitpu r(eQ SwAiRth) , panhdy smicoolcehceumlaric male cphraonpiesrmtie osf, 1b er 14, 2010.1021/ tpooxsitceC ra hcpatiproetneser. sn twateioren sr,e carsu itweedl lf raosm ftrhoem sysmpepcoiasliiuzmed's aourtahl oprriteiseesn ttaot iofinlls gaanpds .f roImn embdoi: structuring the book the chapters derived from the sessions Soil/Sediment: Fate ept2 | and Transport: Parts 1 and 2 as well as Atmospheric Fate and Transport were S0 3 on 4, 20 grouped together, organizing the book into the following three sections: (1) Fate 42 and Transport in Soil/Sediment, Waters, and Air; (2) Environmental Impacts 6.152.1anuary aWnidt hMin oneiatochri ngs;e catniodn (3o)f Rtehme edbioaotiko, n,t hreef lecchtainpgte rtsh e woerirgei naalr rasnesgseido n ftihrsetm ebsy. by 217.6n Date: J eandvdirreosnsimngen ttaral nmspeodrti umbe tw(seoeiln/ semdiemdiean tb, ewinagte rpsl,a caeird, iann di nbteiromtae)d, iawteit h secqhuaepntecres. nloaded ublicatio sSpeeccoinfidcl;y ,a ncdh atphtierrdsl ya,r eb yo rpdlearceidn gb yc hbarpetaedrtsh oonf finoocurgs,a nfrioc msp mecoieres gbeenfoerrea l ctoh amptoerres wP on organic species. In a few cases the chapter has been assigned to a section o D that doesn't correspond to the session in which the original presentation occurred, because the focus of the chapter differed from the presentation. No single book could ever capture the breadth of EPA's research interests and technical regulatory concerns about chemicals in the environment. This is a vast, ever evolving mixture of topics. However, this volume provides a representative sampling of current topics and conveys a sense of recent progress and future directions in the field of environmental science. χ In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. Acknowledgements The Editors gratefully acknowledge the continuing support and encouragement provided by Kelly Dennis, Associate Acquisitions Editor, and Margaret Brown, Associate Production Manager, and Stacy VanDerWall, Books Acquisitions Assistant, of the ACS Books Department in preparing this ACS Symposium Series volume. Gratitude is expressed to the 46 anonymous reviewers whose comments contributed to improved final versions of the chapters. In addition, thanks to Dr. Alan Ford, then Programming Chair of the ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, for suggesting the topic for the symposium, and to Dr. Barbara Karn, EPA National Center for Environmental Research and Quality Assurance, for contributing to the early phases of planning of this symposium. g or1 ubs.acs.06.pr00 ROfofibcee rot f LP.o lLluitpionni cPkr evention and Toxics p8 p://2-0 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 12 | httbk-200 Wlipansihcikn.grotobne,r tD@Ce p2a0.g4o6v0 er 14, 2010.1021/ Robert P. Mason mboi: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory ed ept2 | University of Maryland S0 3 on 4, 20 mSoalsoomn@oncsb, lM.umD c2e0s6.e8d8u 42 6.152.1anuary Margaret L. Phillips by 217.6n Date: J DUnepivaerrtmsiteyn to fo fO Oklcachuopmataio Hnaela lathn dS Ecinevnicreosn mCeennttearl Health nloaded ublicatio Omkalraghoamreat -Cpithyi, lOliKps @73o1u04h sc.edu wP o D Charles U. Pittman, Jr. Department of Chemistry Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39762 [email protected] xi In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. Chapter 1 Chemicals in the Environment: An Overview Robert L. Lipnickl, Robert P. Mason2, Margaret L. Phillips3, and Charles U. Pittman, Jr.4 g 1Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection or1 bs.acs.6.ch00 2Chesapeake BAiogleongcicya, lW Laasbhoirnagttoorny ,D UCn i2v0e4rs6i0ty of Maryland, u0 p://p2-08 Solomons, MD 20688 htt00 3Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University 2 | k-2 of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 1b er 14, 2010.1021/ 4Department oMf Cisshiessmipisptir yS,t aMteis, sMissSip 3p9i7 S6t2a te University, mboi: ed ept2 | S0 3 on 4, 20 Since prehistoric times, humans have been exposed to 42 6.152.1anuary acchteimviitcya slsu chfr oams anfcoioedn, t smmeedlitcininga ol f amgeetnatlss,. Taennds oocf ctuhpoautsiaonndasl 6J by 217.n Date: ocfo mmoregracniailc praonddu ctiionno.r gAa nsoicc iectahle imntiecraelsst eaxries ts icnu rirdeennttliyfy ining wnloaded Publicatio tmchheae nmueifcanacvltisur rotehn,a mtu esanere,t , apnoadnt eddn itsipdaolelstyea hrl maozifan sridunocghu stc otho e mhwuihmcaaatl ns ndheeeegadrletsh e t oo rt bhteoe Do controlled. Many of these chemicals have undergone little investigation into their physicochemical, chemical, or toxicological properties, or their fate in the environment. This book provides examples of studies addressing the fate and transport of chemicals in soil/sediment, water, and air, and their environmental impacts. In addition, the importance of monitoring chemicals in the environment, new methods for remediation, and identification of adverse effects to humans and other organisms in the environment is a focus of this volume. © 2002 American Chemical Society 1 In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. 2 Historical Background Humans have been exposed to chemicals since prehistoric times from the food they ate, the fires they used for warmth and cooking, and the materials they handled. Through a process of trial and error, early mankind discovered which foods were safe to eat, and which were poisonous. It was also found that certain plants, though not useful as foods, contain substances beneficial for medicinal purposes. In addition to plants, minerals were also found to be useful sources of medicines, and pigments. Man's exposure to potentially harmful chemicals was likely enhanced by the use of fire in cooking, and the subsequent production of aromatic hydrocarbons, and from the mining and smelting of ores. We list here g briefly some examples of the fate and impact of chemicals, and the recognition bs.acs.or6.ch001 of the impact of these activities on man and the environment. u0 p8 p://2-0 Metals and Inorganic Compounds: Unintended Exposure htt00 2 | k-2 1b Mercury toxicity has been known since ancient times. Romans, for example, er 14, 2010.1021/ wusaesd j ucsrti mthinreaels y iena rths e( /c)i. nOnatbhaerr emxianmesp liens Sopf amine taasl st hthe alti fwe eerex pmecitnaendc yfo ro fa av amriienteyr mboi: of uses include lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). Egyptians were known to use lead ed ept2 | back to 5000 B.C., and mines in Spain date to about 2000 B.C. (2). It has been 3 on S4, 200 sleuagdg eisnt epdi ptehsa t ctohue ldu she aovfe lecaodn tirni bmutaekdi ntgo wwinidee asnpdre aodth elre apdr opdouicstosn, ianngd itnh eR ousme aonf 42 6.152.1anuary timesE v(i5d)e. nce for lead contamination in the environment from anthropogenic wnloaded by 217.6Publication Date: J eaasvixncamtdariim ivolieauptrlisls ee tesos,w i ittrnehhasceat lrituose ut.ds h cieonh fg 2R 0 at6mhePsec ib einc/lni2eent0a 7gPdis,nb t ss uGumrdalirfeteeiilsodet isenn olmgoaf,fn i asdnanu,eb dcdoah nucb dtoy h m i1ltsah.b1tkeuo7e sr Gitsicinoeraed nl2e i mk0issas0e m0nah ntpisysdl ete oasaRn rriod-hcom aalpvldalee nya cs top s drrihnieuons rwgeSinrswnv g,eea tdrdhfe eoi insrn o time period. By contrast, local northern sources such as those in Sweden that are D uncontaminated by long-range atmospheric transport, exhibit a much higher ratio (about 1.53). In fact, these studies confirm that lead use and deposition greatly decreased following the decline of the Roman Empire (4). Although lead has been used since ancient times for medicinal purposes, its toxic properties were also understood. Thus, lead colic was reported by Hippocrates, and about 50 A.D., poisoning of lead workers was documented by Pliny. Ramazzini observed toxicity to potters working with lead in 1700, but it was not until 1933 that Kehoe demonstrated wide exposure to lead in the environment. Lead produces adverse effects on children with respect to behavior and reduced I.Q. scores, even at very low levels (5). In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. 3 Metals and Inorganic Compounds: Use as Medicines Perhaps the earliest written record of the use of medicines is the Ebers papyrus, from about 1500 B.C., which describes more than 800 recipes, some of which contain substances today known to be toxic, including hemlock, aconite (ancient Chinese arrow poison) opium, and metals, including lead, copper, and antimony (6). Use of mercury in medicine in ancient Greece was described by Dioscorides, and by the Persian Ibn Sina of Avicenna (980-1036), with use against lice and scabies. He also reported observations of chronic mercury toxicity (7). Arsenic is another metal known to the ancients with toxic as well as g medicinal properties. The sulfides of arsenic, which were roasted, were or1 bs.acs.6.ch00 dfoers carritbisetds . byT hDeiroes ciso reivdiedse innc teh eth faitr satr sceennitcu rwy aAs .uDs. eads ams ead picoiinseosn a isn w Reollm aasn c toilmoerss pu80 (8). Medieval alchemists were well aware of the poisonous nature of arsenic p://2-0 compounds, which were used in various recipes. Paracelsus, the Swiss physician, 2 | httk-200 used arsenic compounds as medicinal agents (9). Arsenic was widely used as a 1b pesticide in the form of calcium arsenate following the turn of the 20th century. er 14, 2010.1021/ statedP airna ctehles utsh irudn doef rhstios o1d5 3th8e S rieeblaetnio Dnsehfiepn sbioetnwese e(n1 0m):e "dWicihnaets isa nndo t pao ipsooinsso na?s mboi: All things are poisons and nothing is without toxicity. Only the dose permits ed ept2 | anything not to be poisonous. For example, every food and every drink is a S0 3 on 4, 20 poison if consumed in more than the usual amount; which proves the point." 42 6.152.1anuary Environmental Exposure to Chemicals 6J by 217.n Date: wnloaded Publicatio Chemicals in Foods o D We are now aware of just how complex is the mixture of chemicals present in food. For example, for the common potato (Solanum tuberosum), besides many substances of known nutritional value, about 120 additional substances have been detected, including solanine alkaloids, oxalic acid, arsenic, etc. An additional 228 chemicals have been identified in potatoes roasted in their skins. Naturally occurring chemicals in food have been associated not only with acute toxicity, but also with cancer and other chronic diseases (//). In Chemicals in the Environment; Lipnick, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002.
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