Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii

257 Pages·2010·1.1 MB·English

by  Joana Flor Tavares

2009 
Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: 
 A Review of Substances and Methods 
Prepared by
Joana F. Tavares-Reager
AIS Research Specialist

Division of Aquatic Resources
Department of Lands and
Natural Resources
State of Hawai’i

A project of the Hawai’i
Aquatic Invasive Species LAS,
funded by the 2006/2007 NOAA
Coral Reef Management Grant
Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods
Contents 
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... vi 
Executive Summary .......................................................................................... vii 
Disclaimer ............................................................................................................... x 
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................ xi 
Chapter I: Introduction...................................................................................... 1 
Overview of the Aquatic Invasive Species Problem ................................................. 1 
AIS in Hawai’i ............................................................................................................... 3 
Managing AIS and Choosing Management Strategies ............................................. 4 
Chemical Methods’ Advantages and Hazards ......................................................... 10 
Pesticide Application and Containment Methods ................................................... 13 
Regulatory and Legal Considerations ..................................................................... 17 
Chapter II: Piscicides ........................................................................................ 34 
USEPA-registered Piscicides ..................................................................... 35 
Antimycin A ................................................................................................................ 36 
Rotenone .................................................................................................................... 40 
Selected Non-registered Piscicides ............................................................ 45 
Ammonium compounds and derivatives ................................................................. 45 
Chlorination ................................................................................................................ 48 
Copper compounds and derivatives ........................................................................ 53 
Lime compounds and derivatives ............................................................................ 56 
Neem 61 
Saponins ..................................................................................................................... 63 
Fish Anesthetics (TMS and Clove oil derivatives) .................................................. 66 
Comparative Analysis ................................................................................. 69 
Chapter III: Aquatic Molluscicides/ Anti­fouling Pesticides ............... 75 
USEPA-registered Aquatic Molluscicides ................................................... 76 
Copper compounds and derivatives ........................................................................ 76 
Niclosamide ................................................................................................................ 80 
Selected Non-registered Aquatic Molluscicides/ Anti-fouling Pesticides .... 83 
Acetic Acid (Vinegar) ................................................................................................. 83 
Ammonium compounds and derivatives ................................................................. 88 
Chlorination ................................................................................................................ 89 
Iron phosphate ........................................................................................................... 91 
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Lime compounds and derivatives ............................................................................ 92 
Neem and papaya extracts ........................................................................................ 94 
Potassium permanganate ......................................................................................... 94 
Saponins ..................................................................................................................... 95 
Comparative Analysis ................................................................................. 99 
Chapter  IV:  Aquatic  Herbicides,  Algaecides,  Bactericides  and 
Viruscides ......................................................................................................... 103 
USEPA-registered Aquatic Herbicides and Algaecides ........................... 104 
2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) ................................................................. 104 
Carfentrazone-ethyl ................................................................................................. 108 
Copper compounds and derivatives ...................................................................... 110 
Diquat 111 
Endothall ................................................................................................................... 114 
Erioglaucine/ tartrazine (AquashadeTM) ................................................................. 115 
Fluridone ................................................................................................................... 117 
Glyphosate ............................................................................................................... 120 
Imazapyr ................................................................................................................... 125 
Penoxsulan ............................................................................................................... 129 
Triclopyr salt (TEA) .................................................................................................. 131 
USEPA-registered Aquatic Algaecides, Bactericides and Viruscides ...... 134 
Algaestats (Hydrogen peroxide) ............................................................................. 134 
Selected Non-registered Aquatic Herbicides, Algaecides, Bactericides and
Viruscides ................................................................................................. 137 
Acetic Acid (Vinegar) ............................................................................................... 137 
Acrolein ..................................................................................................................... 138 
Ammonium compounds and derivatives ............................................................... 141 
Barley Straw ............................................................................................................. 142 
Chlorination .............................................................................................................. 143 
Diuron 147 
Glutaraldehyde ......................................................................................................... 148 
Menadione (SeaKleen®) ........................................................................................... 150 
Peracetic acid (Peraclean®) ..................................................................................... 153 
Metsulfuron-methyl .................................................................................................. 155 
Lime compounds and derivatives .......................................................................... 157 
Phosphorus inactivation products ......................................................................... 158 
Comparative analysis ............................................................................... 159 
Chapter V: Other products that have been tested for AIS control . 166 
Atrazine ..................................................................................................................... 166 
Tavares-Reager, J.F. (2009) iii
Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods
Azinphos-methyl ...................................................................................................... 166 
Benzene compounds ............................................................................................... 167 
Carbaryl- organocarbamate pesticides.................................................................. 167 
Carbon dioxide ......................................................................................................... 169 
Chlordane ................................................................................................................. 169 
Chlorothalonil ........................................................................................................... 170 
Chlorpyrifos .............................................................................................................. 171 
Croton seed powder ................................................................................................ 172 
Dalapon ..................................................................................................................... 173 
DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) .............................................................. 173 
Dichlobenil ................................................................................................................ 174 
Dieldrin/ Aldrin ......................................................................................................... 175 
Endosulfan ............................................................................................................... 175 
Endrin 176 
Fluazifop-P-Butyl ..................................................................................................... 177 
Ichthyothereol .......................................................................................................... 177 
Malathion .................................................................................................................. 177 
Metaldehyde ............................................................................................................. 178 
Poychlorpinene ........................................................................................................ 179 
Formaldehyde/ formalin .......................................................................................... 179 
Glufosinate-ammonium ........................................................................................... 180 
Hydrochloric acid ..................................................................................................... 180 
Lindane ..................................................................................................................... 181 
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) ........................................................................................ 181 
Thanite ...................................................................................................................... 182 
Sodium cyanide ....................................................................................................... 182 
Sodium sulfite .......................................................................................................... 183 
Sodium hydroxide .................................................................................................... 184 
Tobacco waste (Nicotine) ........................................................................................ 184 
Toxaphene ................................................................................................................ 184 
Simazine ................................................................................................................... 187 
Chapter VII: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................... 188 
Appendix 1: Overview of Non­Chemical AIS Control Methods ........ 197 
References ........................................................................................................ 208 
Glossary ............................................................................................................. 229 
Conversion Tables .......................................................................................... 238 
Common Names Index .................................................................................. 240 
Taxa Index ........................................................................................................ 242 
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Suggested citation:
Tavares-Reager, J.F. (2009) Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review
of Substances and Methods (Internal Report) State of Hawaii’s Department of Lands and
Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources/ NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation
Program. 245 p.
Tavares-Reager, J.F. (2009) v
Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods
Acknowledgements 

This report was prepared for the State of Hawaii’s Department of Lands
and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources (DLNR, DAR) with funding from
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) Coral Reef Conservation
Program.
I would like to thank the support received from all members of the Aquatic
Invasive Species Advisory Group: Earl Campbell and Jeff Herod (USFWS); Eric Conklin
(TNC); Domingo Cravalho and Vernon Nakamoto (DOA); Lu Eldredge (Bishop Museum),
John Ford and Heidi Heirsh (SWCA); Scott Godwin (Papahanaumokuakea MNM); Bruce
Mundy (NOAA/ PCS); Matt Parry (NOAA/ PIRO); Allison Sherwood and Celia Smith (UH/
Botany Dept.); Thierry Work (USGS); Brian Hauk, Jason Leonard, and Tony Montgomery
(DLNR/ DAR). Many thanks also go to other fellow DAR/ DLNR personnel who have
participated in various stages of this project: Dan Polhemus, Bob Nishimoto, Sara
Pelleteri, Petra MacGowan, Katherine Cullison, and Alton Miyasaka.
Finally, I am sincerely grateful to researchers and managers with whom I
exchanged ideas and information regarding the use of chemicals for the control of AIS:
Derek Shield (Aquenal Ltd., Australia); Dave Aldridge (University of Cambridge/ Zoology
Dept.), John Russell and Malcolm Pearce (Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries),
Alan Webb (James Cook University), Amber Rossi (California Dept. of Fish and Game);
Jim Brooks, Gary Schetrompf and Chris Horsch (USFWS).

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Executive Summary  

In response to the prominent negative impacts that aquatic invasive
species (AIS) have inflicted on Hawaii’s natural resources, federal and state government
officials joined forces with representatives from academia, non-governmental
organizations, and various industries and developed the AIS Management Plan for the
State of Hawaii. Some of the specific AIS management goals established in this plan
published in 2003 were 1) “the implementation of a system for rapid response to contain
newly detected AIS”, 2) “the integration of knowledge from efforts to both long-term
containment and eradication”, and 3) “the production of a review of management efforts
and effective measures to be used when developing strategies and plans to address
specific AIS in Hawaii”. This Chemical Toolbox is a step toward fulfilling these goals. It
consists of a broad literature review of chemical methods to control and eradicate AIS
complemented by comparative analyses and recommendations suited for current and
potential AIS problems in Hawaii.
This report is organized into six chapters. Chapter I introduces readers to
the AIS problem and provides an overview of management and policy strategies for the
control and eradication of AIS, in addition to a summary of pertinent legal and regulatory
matters. The following three chapters (Chapters II- IV) deal with chemical substances
classified according to major target AIS groups: Fish; Mollusks and other fouling animals;
Aquatic plants, algae, bacteria, and viruses. Efforts to control and eradicate AIS that do
not belong to any of these broad groups but that are relevant to this review (e.g. invasive
crustaceans, echinoderms, fungi) are also reported and can be located by searching for
their scientific or common name in this report’s Species and Common Names Indexes.
Within Chapters II- IV, chemical methods with potential use in control and
eradication actions are grouped into USEPA-registered active ingredients and non-
registered active ingredients. Each product is reviewed for its chemical nature and
suitability to control and eradicate different groups of AIS in individual chemical profiles,
within each respective target group chapter.
Tavares-Reager, J.F. (2009) vii
Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods
Chemical profiles identify active ingredients’ origin, toxic effects to target
organisms and to non-target species, metabolic processes, pathways, and persistence in
the environment, as well as common presentation and uses. This information is
organized in the following subsections: Mode of action, Selectivity, Toxicology,
Environmental fate and decomposition, Formulations and application methods, and Uses
against unwanted AIS. Some profiles do not contain all of these subsections. That is the
case of active ingredients that can be used to control more than one target group and,
therefore, have more than one profile in different chapters. In these instances,
information presented in preceding profiles is not repeated and instead, the reader is
directed to the section which contains that information.
At the end of each chapter, active ingredients are evaluated in a
comparative analysis section, with the objective of identifying which chemical methods are
most appropriate to control or eradicate AIS in environments and circumstances of
interest. In this analysis, I also considered data limitations, advantages, and potential
side effects of active ingredients and I indicated which components are worth further
investigation and perhaps the development of specific research and experiments.
In chapter V, I briefly present chemical methods that have been tested and
evaluated for the control of AIS but that have been shown to be of little or no suitability for
this purpose, either because they are not efficient or because they may cause
unacceptable levels of undesirable effects.
Lastly, in Chapter VI, I offer an overall summary, conclusions and a list of
technical and policy recommendations. There, I identify rotenone, antimycin A, acetic
acid, and chlorine as promising chemical methods for some AIS management actions.
Other active ingredients that merit further testing and consideration are imazapyr,
hydrated lime, menadione (SeaKleen) and peracetic acid (Peraclean). I conclude the
main portion of this report with a list of actions and experiments that I propose as the next
step toward the establishment of an effective framework for rapid response and
management of new and established AIS in Hawaii. I also identify legal and regulatory
impediments that must be resolved in order to implement these actions and experiments.
While the scope of this toolbox is limited to chemical methods to control
and eradicate AIS, in appendix 1, I offer a concise assessment of non-chemical methods
viii
that are available to be used instead or in combination with chemical methods to combat
aquatic invasions.
Most information presented here comes from peer reviewed papers, official
government documents (e.g. USEPA Reregistration Eligibility Decisions and associated
Risk Assessments and Toxicological Studies), or from reports prepared by other parties
per governmental requests (e.g. studies developed by consulting agencies in lieu of
governmental agencies). There are some references to electronic databases, and in
these cases I cited both the date on which the information was posted (whenever
available) and the most recent date on which I accessed the website. In some instances,
I contacted pesticide experts, manufacturers, scientists, and managers directly and all
information acquired in this way is cited in the text as personal communication.
I sincerely hope this toolbox can assist Hawaii’s natural resource managers
in the challenging mission of controlling, and whenever possible eradicating aquatic
invasive species that threaten ecological balance in this remarkable archipelago.
Tavares-Reager, J.F. (2009) ix
Chemical Toolbox for AIS Management in Hawaii: A Review of Substances and Methods
Disclaimer 

This report is not an endorsement of pesticide use. Chemical products,
whether synthetic or organic, should be regarded as hazardous substances and as
potential contaminants to the environment. Consequently, their use should be limited to
instances of demonstrated need in which potential benefits outweigh potential losses and
practical alternatives do not exist. Management plans and chemical applications should
be developed and carried out by competent and trained professionals furnished with
preliminary studies, and post-application monitoring programs.
This document has been developed to serve as a bibliographic reference
tool kit for management support and has no legal or regulatory application. Policy reviews
and technical analyses presented in this report represent the views of the author at the
time this report was completed and shall not be quoted, referred to, or alluded to as being
an official position by any government officials or institutions.
While striving to develop the most truthful and constructive bibliographic
reference tool kit, the author accepts no legal responsibility for the topicality, correctness,
completeness or quality of the information provided. Liability claims against the author
regarding material or immaterial damage arising from the use or non-use of the
information provided, will therefore be rejected.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

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