Chemical Signals: Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates PDF
Preview Chemical Signals: Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates
CHEMICAL SIGNALS Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates CHEMICAL SIGNALS Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates Edited by Dietland MOiler-Schwarze and Robert M. Silverstein State University of New York Syracuse, New York PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Symposium on Chemical Signals in Vertebrates and Aquatic Animals, 2d, State Uni versity of New York, 1979. Che'm ical signal s. Includes index. 1. Vertebrates - Behavior - Congresses. 2. Aquatic invertebrates - Behavior Congresses. 3. Animal communication - Congresses. 4. Pheromones - Congresses. I. Muller-Schwarze, Dietland. II. Silverstein, Robert Milton, 1916- III. Title. OL776594 1979 591.59 80-184 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1029-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1027-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1027-3 Proceedings of the Symposium on Chemical Signals, held at State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, May 3~-June 2, 1979. © 1980 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1980 A Divison of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher . Preface Research on chemical communication in animals is in a very active and exciting phase; more species are studied, data are accumulating, concepts are changing, and practical application seems feasible. While most of the work on chemical ecology and chemical sig nals deals with insects, vertebrate communication provides a formidable challenge and progress has been slow. Joint efforts and frequent direct contacts of ecologists, behaviorists, psychologists, physiologists, histologists and chemists are required. Such an interdisciplinary exchange of information took place on the occasion of the Symposium on Chemical Signals in Vertebrates and Aquatic Animals in Syracuse, New York, from May 31 to June 2, 1979. More than one hundred investigators from seven countries participated, and the papers presented comprise this volume. Since the first Symposium on Vertebrate Chemical Signals at Saratoga Springs in 1976, considerable progress has been made with field studies, the physiology of the vomeronasal organ, and its role in reproductive behavior. The behavioral functions and chemi cal nature of priming pheromones are better understood. Efforts to isolate and identify mammalian pheromones are gaining ground, and the bioassays are becoming more sophisticated. In addition to formal presentations, one evening of the Symposi um was devoted to round-table discussions of particular topics. The selected themes indicate the "growing points" of chemical communi cation research: priming pheromones, vomeronasal organ, bioassay, and practical applications. In the discussion of priming pheromones in rodents, it was suggested that inhibition of maturation in females may be the most important effect, and it was recommended that the research be ex tended to other species. The chemical considerations centered on molecular weight, volatility, and bonding of primer pheromone molecules. v vi PREFACE The vomeronasal system's essential independence of the olfac tory pathways was stressed, although there exist complex inter actions. MOre information is needed on the electrophysiological respons~s to compounds over a range of volatility. Taxonomically, the vomeronasal system seems to emerge at the level of fishes; it is functional in primates and is present in human infants. In the bioassay, behavior tests can and should be augmented by measuring physiological functions, such as cardiac and respira tion rates, although by themselves, these indicators may often be too general. Both complex odor mixtures and complex responses seem to be the rule in vertebrates. In addition, changes of odors and in responsiveness over time further complicate bioassays. Paral lels between bioassays in pollution studies and pheromone studies were pointed out. A consensus developed that a sound bioassay must start with a thorough knowledge of the life cycle, ecology, and be havior of the animal in its natural habitat. Only then can a chemically released or modulated response be selected for study so that collaboration with chemists may commence. Applications of social, interspecific, or environmental odors for animal management are still in their infancy. Important poten tial manipulations of vertebrate behavior include food aversions, used to discourage predators or crop pests, imprinting of fish on the odor of their home streams, harvesting fish with chemical sig nals, use of chemicals in trapping, monitoring of rut in game ani mals by odors or secretions, short-term use of alarm odors as repellents, and utilization of macrosmatic mammals, such as dogs, for odor detection. Currently, the only practical application of mammalian pheromones is the use of a synthesized pheromone (a steroid emitted in the boar's saliva) to stimulate sows in artifi cial insemination programs. We thank Miss Cathy Northway for typing the entire camera ready manuscript, Mrs. Christine MUller-Schwarze for preparing the index, and Steve Dyer and Ms. Pat Vann of Plenum for their effi cient help in the speedy publication of this volume. Syracuse, New York D. MUller-Schwarze October 1979 R.M. Silverstein Contents Part One: Field Studies Some Responses of a Free Living Community of Rodents to the Odors of Predators •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I D. Michael Stoddart The Urine Marking Behavior and Movement Patterns of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) During a Breeding and Post- Breeding Period ........................................... 11 J. David Henry Marking Behavior in Wild Red Foxes in Response to Synthetic Volatile Urinary Compounds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 M.C. Wilson, W.K. Whitten, S.R. Wilson, J.W. Jorgenson, M. Novotny and M. Carmack Chemical Signals in Alarm Behavior of Deer ••••••••••••••••••• 39 Dietland MUller-Schwarze Territorial Marking Behavior by the South American Vicuna •••• 53 W.J. Franklin Induction of Settling and Metamorphosis of Planktonic Molluscan (Haliotis) Larvae. III: Signaling by Metabolites of Intact Algae is Dependent on Contact ••••••• 67 Daniel E. Morse, Mia Tegner, Helen Duncan, Neal Hooker, George Trevelyan and Andrew Cameron Part Two: Reproductive Behavior Relationships Between Aggression, Scent Marking and Gonadal State in a Primate, the Tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis •••••• 87 Gisela Epple Olfactory Aspects of Rutting Behavior in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107 Chris Wemmer and James Murtaugh vii Part Three: Food Responses Chemosensory Searching by Rattlesnakes During Predatory Episodes .................................................. 125 David Chiszar and Kent M. Scudder What the Nose Learns from the Mouth •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 141 John Garcia and Kenneth W. Rusiniak Rat Pup's Food Consumption as a Function of Preweaning Tastes and Odors ••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 157 Paul M. Bronstein and David P. Crockett Part Four: Learning Experience Affects Behavioral Responses to Sex Odors ••••••••• 173 John Nyby and Glayde Whitney Development of Olfactory Attraction by Young Norway Rats ••••• 193 Michael Leon Odor Aversion Learning by Neonatal Rats: Ontogeny of Osmic Memory •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 211 Jerry W. Rudy and Martin D. Cheatle Part Five: Priming The Influence of Pheromones on Puberty in Rodents •••••••••••• 229 John G. Vandenbergh The Modulation of Reproduction by Priming Pheromones in House Mice: Speculations on Adaptive Function •••••••••••• 243 F.H. Bronson and Arthur Coquelin The Major Histocompatibility Complex as a Source of Odors Imparting Individuality Among Mice •••••••••••••••••••••••• 267 Kunio Yamazaki, Masashi Yamaguchi, Edward A. Boyse and Lewis Thomas Part Six: Vomeronasal Organ Behavioral and Stimulus Correlates of Vomeronasal Functioning in Reptiles: Feeding, Grouping, Sex, and Tongue Use •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 275 Gordon M. Burghardt CONTENTS ix The Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory System in the Hamster ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 303 Michael Meredith Chemical Communication in the Guinea Pig: Urinary Components of Low Volatility and Their Access to the Vomeronasal Organ ••••••••.••••••••.••••••••••••••••••• 327 Gary K. Beauchamp, Judith L. Wellington, Charles J. Wysocki, Joseph G. Brand, John L. Kubie and Amos B. Smith, III The Role of the Vomeronasal System in Mammalian Reproductive Physiology •••.•••••.•••••••.•••.••.••••.••••• 341 Margaret A. Johns Part Seven: Chemistry Chemical Studies of Hamster Reproductive Pheromones •••.•••••• 365 Alan G. Singer, Foteos Macrides and William C. Agosta Chemical Studies of the Primer Mouse Pheromones ••••••••.••••• 377 M. Novotny, J.W. Jorgenson, M. Carmack, S.R. Wilson, E.A. Boyse, K. Yamazaki, M. Wilson, W. Beamer and W.K. Whitten Variation in the Levels of Some Components of the Volatile Fraction of Urine from Captive Red Foxes (Vu1pes vu1pes) and its Relationships to the State of the Animal •••••••••• 391 S. Bailey, P.J. Bunyan and Jane M.J. Page Part Eight: Abstracts Chemical Signals Associated with Aquatic Predation Sites ••••• 405 Daniel Rittschof The Role of Chemoreception in Some Social and Synchronous Behavior of the Crayfish, Procambarus c1arkii •...•••..•••• 407 Mary Ellen Harris Behavioural and E1ectrophysio1ogica1 Effects of Natural Chemical Stimuli in the Goldfish (Carassius auratus) •••••• 409 H.P. Zippe1, R. Vogt and D. Hager CONTENTS Olfactory Use in Food-Location at Sea by Tubenosed Pelagic Birds •••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••••• 411 Larry V. Hutchison and Bernice M. Wenzel Partial Isolation of Pregnancy Block Pheromone in Mice •.••••• 413 Anna Marchlewska-Koj The Role of the Tarsal Glands in the Olfactory Communication of the Ontario Moose •••••••••••••••••••••••• 415 A.B. Bubenik, M. Dombalagian, J.W. Wheeler and O. Williams Diosmic Responses to Scent-Signals in Lemur catta •••••••••••• 417 C.S. Evans Studies on Chemical Communication in Some African Bovids ••••• 421 R.C. Bigalke, Maritha le Roux and P.A. Novellie Author Index ................................................. 425 Subject Index ................................................ 433 SOME RESPONSES OF A FREE LIVING COMMUNITY OF RODENTS TO THE ODORS OF PREDATORS D. Michael Stoddart Dept. of Zoology, University of London King's College Strand, London WC2R 2LS England INTRODUCTION When the forces of Natural Selection created mammalian preda tors which feed upon mammalian prey, they incidentally created a paradox, at least in the nostrils of a human observer. Mammals generally have a very good olfactory sense; small rodents particu larly so (Stoddart 1974). Paradoxically their predators are characterized by their ability to produce copious quantities of extraordinarily pungent secretions, as anyone who has ever kept ferrets or encountered a skunk that has been run over on the road will aver. Are rodent prey animals unable to smell their predators? The long term stability and persistence of predator-prey inter actions indicates that small mammals, even with their excellent noses, still get caught and eaten in sufficient numbers to support substantial predator populations. Clearly they do not always react to the odor of their predators, but do they ever? In answering this question it would be helpful to know whether there is any odor quality fundamentally associated with predators - a sort of olfactory Leitmotiv harking back to some ancient evolutionary contact between predator and prey. As Marlitt says in her study Das Eulenhaus: "Nichts in der Welt macht Vergangenes so lebendig wie der Geruch". ('Nothing on earth brings the past so alive as odor'). The object of this paper is to analyze the effect of predator odor on a free-living community of small rodents and while so doing to appraise the validity of a field based approach to problems of interspecific scent communication.
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