Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design (Walas)

774 Pages·2001·26.57 MB·English

BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN SERIES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SERIES EDITOR ADVISORY EDITORS
HOWARD BRENNER ANDREAS ACRIVOS
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The City College of CUNY
JAMES E. BAILEY
California Institute of Technology
MANFRED MORARI
California Institute of Technology
E. BRUCE NAUMAN
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
ROBERT K. PRUD’HOMME
Princeton University
SERIES TITLES
Chemical Process Equipment Stanley M. Walas
Constitutive Equations for Polymer Melts and Solutions
Ronald G. Larson
Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes Ralph T. Yang
Heterogeneous Reactor Design Hong H. Lee
Molecular Thermodynamics of Nonideal Fluids Lloyd L. Lee
Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering Stanley M. Walas
Transport Processes in Chemically Reacting Flow Systems
Daniel E. Rosner
Viscous Flows: The Practical Use of Theory
Stuart Winston Churchill
RELATED TITLES
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Liquid and Liquid Mixtures J.S. Rowlimon and F. L. Swinton
Mixing in the Process Industries N. Harnby, M. F. Edwards,
and A. W. Nienow
Shell Process Control Workshop David M. Prett and
Manfred Morari
Solid Liquid Separation Ladislav Svarovsky
Supercritical Fluid Extraction Mark A. McHugh and
Val .I. Krukonis
Chemical Process Equipment
Selection and Design
Stanley M. Walas
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
University of Kansas
To the memory of my parents,
Stanklaus and Apolonia,
and to my wife, Suzy Belle
Copyright 0 1990 by Butterworth-Heinemann, a division of Reed
Publishing (USA) Inc. All rights reserved.
The information contained in this book is based on highly regarded
sources, all of which are credited herein. A wide range of references
is listed. Every reasonable effort was made to give reliable and
up-to-date information; neither the author nor the publisher can
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the
consequences.of their use.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Walas, Stanley M.
Chemical process equipment.
(Butterworth-Heinemann series in chemical
engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Chemical engineering-Apparatus and supplies.
I. Title. II. Series.
TP157.w334 1988 660.2’83 87-26795
ISBN 0-7506-9385-l (previously ISBN o-409-90131-8)
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Walas, Stanley M.
Chemical process equipment.-(Butterworth-
Heinemann series in chemical engineering).
series in chemical engineering).
1. Chemical engineering-Apparatus and
supplies
I. Title
660.2’8 TP157
ISBN 0-7506-9385-l (previously ISBN o-409-90131-8)
Butterworth-Heinemann
3 13 Washington Street
Newton, MA 02158-1626
10 9 8 7
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
LIST OF EXAMPLES ix CHAPTER 5 TRANSFER OF SOLIDS 69
PREFACE xi 5.1. Slurry Transport 69
5.2. Pneumatic Conveying 71
RULES OF THUMB: SUMMARY xiii.. . Equipment 72
Operating Conditions 73
Power Consumption and Pressure Drop 74
5.3. Mechanical Conveyors and Elevators 76
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Properties of Materials Handled 76
1.1. Process Design I Screw Conveyors 76
1.2. Equipment 1 Belt Conveyors 76
Vendors’ Questionnaires 1 Bucket Elevators and Carriers 78
Specification Forms 1 Continuous Flow Conveyor Elevators 82
1.3. Categories of Engineering Practice 1 5.4. Solids Feeders 83
1.4. Sources of Information for Process Design 2 References 88
1.5. Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices 2
1.6. Material and Energy Balances 3
1.7. Economic Balance 4 CHAPTER 6 FLOW OF FLUIDS 91
1.8. Safety Factors 6
6.1. Properties and Units 91
1.9. Safety of Plant and Environment 7
6.2. Energy Balance of a Flowing Fluid 92
1.10. Steam and Power Supply 9
6.3. Liquids 94
1.11. Design Basis 12
Fittings and Valves 95
Utilities 12
Orifices 95
1.12. Laboratory and Pilot Plant Work 12
Power Requirements 98
References 15
6.4. Pipeline Networks 98
6.5. Optimum Pipe Diameter 100
6.6. Non-Newtonian Liquids 100
CHAPTER 2 FLOWSHEETS 19
Viscosity Behavior 100
2.1. Block Flowsheets 19 Pipeline Design 106
2.2. Process Flowsheets 19 6.7. Gases 109
2.3. Mechanical (P&I) Flowsheets 19 Isentropic Flow 109
2.4. Utility Flowsheets 19 Isothermal Flow in Uniform Ducts 110
2.5. Drawing of Flowsheets 20 Adiabatic Flow 110
References 31 Nonideal Gases 111
Appendix 2.1 Descriptions of Example Process 6.8. Liquid-Gas Flow in Pipelines 111
Flowsheets 33 Homogeneous Model 113
Separated Flow Models 114
Other Aspects 114
CHAPTER 3 PROCESS CONTROL 39 6.9. Granular and Packed Beds 117
Single Phase Fluids 117
3.1. Feedback Control 39 Two-Phase Flow 118
Symbols 39 6.10. Gas-Solid Transfer 119
Cascade (Reset) Control 42
Choking Velocity 119
3.2. Individual Process Variables 4.2
Pressure Drop 119
Temperature 42 6.11. Fluidization of Beds of Particles with Gases 120
Pressure 42 Characteristics of Fluidization 123
Level of Liquid 43
Sizing Equipment 123
Flow Rate 43 References 127
Flow of Solids 43
Flow Ratio 43
Composition 43 CHAPTER 7 FLUID TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT 129
3.3. Equipment Control 43
Heat Transfer Equipment 44 7.1. Piping 129
Valves 129
Distillation Equipment 47
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Towers 50 Control Valves 129
7.2. Pump Theory 131
Chemical Reactors 53
Basic Relations 131
Liquid Pumps 55
Pumping Systems 133
Solids Feeders 55
Compressors 55 7.3. Pump Characteristics 134
References 60 7.4. Criteria for Selection of Pumps 140
7.5. Equipment for Gas Transport 143
Fans 143
Compressors 145
CHAPTER 4 DRIVERS FOR MOVING
EQUIPMENT 61 Centrifugals 145
Axial Flow Compressors 146
4.1. Motors 61 Reciprocating Compressors 146
Induction 61 Rotary Compressors 149
Synchronous 61 7.6. Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression 153
Direct Current 61 Dimensionless Groups 153
4.2. Steam Turbines and Gas Expanders 62 Ideal Gases 153
4.3. Combustion Gas Turbines and Engines 65 Real Processes and Gases 156
References 68 Work on Nonideal Gases 156
vi CONTENTS
Efficiency 1.59 Refractories 221
Temperature Rise, Compression Ratio, Volumetric 8.13. Refrigeration 224
Efficiency 159 Compression Refrigeration 224
7.7. Ejector and Vacuum Systems 162 Refrigerants 226
Ejector Arrangements 162 Absorption Refrigeration 229
Air Leakage 164 Cryogenics 229
Steam Consumption 165 References 229
Ejector Theory 166
Glossary for Chapter 7 166 9 DRYERS AND COOLING TOWERS 231
References 167
9.1. Interaction of Air and Water 231
9.2. Rate of Drying 234
CHAPTER 8 HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT Laboratory and Pilot Plant Testing 237
EXCHANGERS 169 9.3. Classification and General Characteristics of
8.1. Conduction of Heat 169 Dryers 237
Thermal Conductivity 169 Products 240
Hollow Cvlinder 170 Costs 240
Composite Walls 170 Specification Forms 240
Fluid Films 170 9.4. Batch Dryers 241
8.2. Mean Temperature Difference 172 9.5. Continuous Tray and Conveyor Belt Dryers 242
Single Pass Exchanger 172 9.6. Rotary Cylindrical Dryers 247
Multipass Exchangers 173 9.7. Drum Dryers for Solutions and Slurries 254
F-Method 173 9.8. Pneumatic Conveying Dryers 255
O-Method 179 9.9. Fluidized Bed Dryers 262
Selection of Shell-and-Tube Numbers of Passes 179 9.10. Spray Dryers 268
Example 179 Atomization 276
8.3. Heat Transfer Coefficients 179 Applications 276
Overall Coefficients 180 Thermal Efficiency 276
Fouling Factors 180 Design 276
Individual Film Coefficients 180 9.11. Theorv of Air-Water Interaction in Packed
Metal Wall Resistance 18.2 Towers 277
Dimensionless Groups 182 Tower Height 279
8.4. Data of Heat Transfer Coefficients 182 9.12. Cooling Towers 280
Direct Contact of Hot and Cold Streams 185 Water Factors 285
Natural Convection 186 Testing and Acceptance 285
Forced Convection 186 References 285
Condensation 187
Boiling 187
CHAPTER 10 MIXING AND AGITATION 287
Extended Surfaces 188
8.5. Pressure Drop in Heat Exchangers 188 10.1. A Basic Stirred Tank Design 287
8.6. Types of Heat Exchangers 188 The Vessel 287
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers 189 Baffles 287
Spiral Heat Exchangers 194 Draft Tubes 287
Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers 194 Impeller Types 287
Air Coolers 194 Impeller Size 287
Double Pipes 19.5 Impeller Speed 288
8.7. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 195 Impeller Location 288
Construction 195 10.2. Kinds of Impellers 288
Advantages 199 10.3. Characterization of Mixing Quality 290
Tube Side or Shell Side 199 10.4. Power Consumption and Pumping Rate 292
Design of a Heat Exchanger 199 10.5. Suspension of Solids 295
Tentative Design 200 10.6. Gas Dispersion 296
8.8. Condensers 200 Spargers 296
Condenser Configurations 204 Mass Transfer 297
Desien Calculation Method 205 System Design 297
The Silver-Bell-Ghaly Method 206 Minimum Power 297
8.9. Reboilers 206 Power Consumption of Gassed Liquids 297
Kettle Reboilers 207 Superficial Liquid Velocity 297
Horizontal Shell Side Thermosiphons 207 Design Procedures 297
Vertical Thermosiphons 207 10.7. In-Line-Blenders and Mixers 300
Forced Circulation Reboilers 208 10.8. Mixing of Powders and Pastes 301
Calculation Procedures 208 References 304
8.10 Evaporators 208
Thermal Economy 210
Surface Requirements 211 CHAPTER 11 SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION 305
8.11. Fired Heaters 211
Description of Eauinment 211 11.1. Processes and Equipment 305
Heat Transfer 213 11.2 Theory of Filtration 306
Design of Fired Heaters 214 Compressible Cakes 310
8.12. Insulation of Equipment 219 11.3. Resistance to Filtration 313
Low Temperatures 221 Filter Medium 313
Medium Temperatures 221 Cake Resistivity 313
CONTENTS Vii
Compressibility-Permeability (CP) Cell Tray Efficiencies 397
Measurements 314 13.8. Absorption Factor Shortcut Method of Edmister 398
Another Form of Pressure Dependence 315 13.9. Seoarations in Packed Towers 398
Pretreatment of Slurries 315 Miss Transfer Coefficients 399
11.4. Thickening and Clarifying 315 Distillation 401
11.5. Laboratory Testing and Scale-Up 317 Absorption or Stripping 401
Compression-Permeability Cell 317 13.10. Basis for Computer Evaluation of Multicomponent
The SCFT Concept 317 Separations 404
Scale-Up 318 Specifications 405
11.6. Illustrations of Equipment 318 The MESH Equations 405
11.7. Applications and Performance of Equipment 320 The Wang-Henke Bubblepoint Method 408
References 334 The SR (Sum-Rates) Method 409
SC (Simultaneous Correction) Method 410
13.11. Special Kinds of Distillation Processes 410
CHAPTER 12 DISINTEGRATION, Petroleum Fractionation 411
AGGLOMERATION, AND SIZE SEPARATION OF Extractive Distillation 412
PARTICULATE SOLIDS 335 Azeotropic Distillation 420
12.1. Screening 335 Molecular Distillation 425
Revolving Screens or Trommels 335 13.12. Tray Towers 426
Capacity of Screens 335 Countercurrent Trays 426
12.2. Classification with Streams of Air or Water 337 Sieve Trays 428
Air Classifiers 337 Valve Trays 429
Wet Classifiers 339 Bubblecap Trays 431
12.3. Size Reduction 339 13.13. Packed Towers 433
12.4. Eauiument for Size Reduction 341 Kinds of Packings 433
Crushers 341 Flooding and Allowable Loads 433
Roll Crushers 341 Liquid Distribution 439
12.5. Particle Size Enlargement 351 Liauid Holdup 439
Tumblers 351 Pressure Drop 439
Roll Compacting and Briquetting 354 13.14. Efficiencies of Trays andPackings 439
Tabletting 357 Trays 439
Extrusion Processes 358 Packed Towers 442
Prilling 361 References 456
Fluidized and Spouted Beds 362
Sintering and Crushing 363 CHAPTER 14 EXTRACTION AND LEACHING 459
References 370
14.1. Equilibrium Relations 459
14.2. Calculation of Stage Requirements 463
CHAPTER 13 DISTILLATION AND GAS
Single Staee Extraction 463
ABSORPTION 371
Crosscurrent Extraction 464
13.1. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 371 Immiscible Solvents 464
Relative Volatility 374 14.3. Countercurrent Operation 466
Binary x-y Diagrams 375 Minimum Solvent/Feed Ratio 468
13.2. Single-Stage Flash Calculations 375 Extract Reflux 468
Bubblepoint Temperature and Pressure 376 Minimum Reflux 469
Dewpoint Temperature and Pressure 377 Minimum Stages 469
Flash at Fixed Temnerature and Pressure 377 14.4. Leaching of Solids 470
Flash at Fixed Enthalpy and Pressure 377 14.5. Numerical Calculation of Multicomponent
Equilibria with KS Dependent on Composition 377 Extraction 473
13.3. Evaporation or Simple Distillation 378 Initial Estimates 473
Multicomponent Mixtures 379 Procedure 473
13.4. Binary Distillation 379 14.6. Equipment for Extraction’ 476
Material and Energy Balances 380 Choice of Disperse Phase 476
Constant Molal Overflow 380 Mixer-Settlers’ 477
Basic Distillation Problem 382 Spray Towers 478
Unequal Molal Heats of Vaporization 382 Packed Towers 478
Material and Energy Balance Basis 382 Sieve Tray Towers 483
Algebraic Method 382 Pulsed Packed and Sieve Tray Towers 483
13.5. Batch Distillation 390 Reciprocating Tray Towers 485
Material Balances 391 Rotating Disk Contactor (RDC) 485
13.6. Multicomponent Separation: Generali Other Rotary Agitated Towers 485
Considerations 393 Other Kinds of Extractors 487
Sequencing of Columns 393 Leaching Equipment 488
Number of Free Variables 395 References 493
13.7. Estimation of Reflux and Number of Travs (Fenske-
Underwood-Gilliland Method) 395
CHAPTER 15 ADSORPTION AND ION
MinimumTrays 395
EXCHANGE 495
Distribution of Nonkeys 395
MinimumReflux 397 15.1. Adsorption Equilibria 495
Operating Reflux 397 15.2. Ion Exchange Equilibria 497
Actual Number of Theoretical Trays 397 15.3. Adsorption Behavior in Packed Beds 500
Feed Tray Location 397 Regeneration 504
Viii CONTENTS
15.4. Adsorption Design and Operating Practices 504 Homogeneous Liquid Reactions 595
15.5. Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices 506 Liquid-Liquid Reactions 595
Electrodialysis 508 Gas-Liquid Reactions 595
15.6. Production Scale Chromatography 510 Noncatalytic Reactions with Solids 595
15.7. Equipment and Processes 510 Fluidized Beds of Noncatalytic Solids 595
Gas Adsorption 511 Circulating Gas or Solids 596
Liquid Phase Adsorption 513 Fixed Bed Solid Catalysis 596
Ion Exchange 517 Fluidized Bed Catalysis 601
Ion Exchange Membranes and Electrodialysis 517 Gas-Liquid Reactions with Solid Catalysts 604
Chromatographic Equipment 520 References 609
References 522
CHAPTER 18 PROCESS VESSELS 611
CHAPTER 16 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTIONS 18.1. Drums 611
AND MELTS 523 18.2. Fractionator Reflux Drums 612
18.3. Liquid-Liquid Separators 612
16.1. Solubilities and Equilibria 523
Coalescence 613
Phase Diagrams 523 Other Methods 613
Enthalpy Balances 524
18.4. Gas-Liquid Separators 613
16.2. Crvstal Size Distribution 525
Droplet Sizes 613
16.3. The Process of Crystallization 528
Rate of Settling 614
Conditions of Precipitation 528
Empty Drums 615
Supersaturation 528 Wire Mesh Pad Deentrainers 615
Growth Rates 530
18.5. Cyclone Separators 616
16.4. The Ideal Stirred Tank 533
18.6. Storage Tanks 619
Multiple Stirred Tanks in Series 536 18.7. Mechanical Design of Process Vessels 621
Applicability of the CSTC Model 536 Design Pressure and Temperature 623
16.5. Kinds of Crystallizers 537 Shells and Heads 624
16.6. Melt Crystallization and Purification 543
Formulas for Strength Calculations 624
Multistage Processing 543
References 629
The Metallwerk Buchs Process 543
Purification Processes 543
CHAPTER 19 OTHER TOPICS 631
References 548
19.1. Membrane Processes 631
Membranes 632
CHAPTER 17 CHEMICAL REACTORS 549 Equipment Configurations 632
Applications 632
17.1. Design Basis and Space Velocity 549 Gas Permeation 633
Design Basis 549 19.2. Foam Separation and Froth Flotation 635
Reaction Times 549 Foam Fractionation 635
17.2. Rate Equations and Operating Modes 549 Froth Flotation 636
17.3. Material and Energy Balances of Reactors 555 19.3. Sublimation and Freeze Drying 638
17.4. Nonideal Flow Patterns 556 Equipment 639
Residence Time Distribution 556 Freeze Drying 639
Conversion in Segregated and Maximum Mixed 19.4. Parametric Pumping 639
Flows 560
19.5. Seoarations bv Thermal Diffusion 642
Conversion in Segregated Flow and CSTR 19.6. Electrochemical Syntheses 645
Batteries 560
Electrochemical Reactions 646
Dispersion Model 560
Fuel Cells 646
Laminar and Related Flow Patterns 561
Cells for Synthesis of Chemicals 648
17.5. Selection of Catalysts 562
19.7. Fermentation Processing 648
Heterogeneous Catalysts 562
Processing 650
Kinds of Catalysts 563
Operating Conditions 650
Kinds of Catalvzed Organic Reactions 563
Reactors 654
Physical Characteristics of Solid Catalysts 564
References 660
Catalyst Effectiveness 565
17.6. Types and Examples of Reactors 567
CHAPTER 20 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL
Stirred Tanks 567
EQUIPMENT 663
Tubular Flow Reactors 569
Gas-Liquid Reactions 571 References 669
Fixed Bed Reactors 572
Moving Beds 574
APPENDIX A UNITS, NOTATION, AND
Kilns and Hearth Furnaces 575
GENERAL DATA 671
Fluidized Bed Reactors 579
17.7. Heat Transfer in Reactors 582
Stirred Tanks 586 APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION
Packed Bed Thermal Conductivity 587 FORMS 681
Heat Transfer Coefficient at Walls, to Particles, and
Overall 587 APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRES OF EQUIPMENT
Fluidized Beds 589 SUPPLIERS 727
17.8. Classes of Reaction Processes and Their Equipment 592
Homogeneous Gas Reactions 592 INDEX 747
List of Examples
1.1 Material Balance of a Chlorination Process with Recycle 5 8.5 Application of the Effectiveness and the 8 Method 182
1.2 Data of a Steam Generator for Making 250,000 lb/hr at 450 8.6 Sizing an Exchanger with Radial Finned Tubes 193
psia and 650°F from Water Entering at 220°F 9 8.7 Pressure Drop on the Tube Side of a Vertical Thermosiphon
1.3 Steam Plant Cycle for Generation of Power and Low Reboiler 193
Pressure Process Steam 11 8.8 Pressure Drop on the Shell Side with 25% Open Segmental
1.4 Pickup of Waste Heat by Generating and Superheating Baffles by Kern’s Method 194
Steam in a Petroleum Refinery 11 8.9 Estimation of the Surface Requirements of an Air
1.5 Recovery of Power from a Hot Gas Stream 12 Cooler 199
3.1 Constants of PID Controllers from Response Curves to a 8.10 Process Design of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger 204
Step Input 42 8.11 Sizing a Condenser for a Mixture by the Silver-Bell-Ghatly
4.1 Steam Requirement of a Turbine Operation 65 Method 207
4.2 Performance of a Combustion Gas Turbine 67 8.12 Comparison of Three Kinds of Reboilers for the Same
5.1 Conditions of a Coal Slurry Pipeline 70 Service 209
5.2 Size and Power Requirement of a Pneumatic Transfer 8.13 Peak Temperatures 214
Line 77 8.14 Effect of Stock Temperature Variation 214
5.3 Sizing a Screw Conveyor 80 8.15 Design of a Fired Heater 217
5.4 Sizing a Belt Conveyor 83 8.16 Annlication of the Wilson-Lobo-Hottel eauation 219
Comparison of Redler and Zippered Belt Conveyors 88 8.17 Two-Stages Propylene Compression Refrigeration with
6.1 Density of a Nonideal Gas from Its Equation of State 91 Interstage Recycle 225
6.2 Unsteady Flow of an Ideal Gas through a Vessel 93 9.1 Conditions in an Adiabatic Dryer 234
6.3 Units of the Energy Balance 94 9.2 Drying Time over Constant and Falling Rate Periods with
6.4 Pressure Drop in Nonisothermal Liquid Flow 97 Constant Gas Conditions 237
6.5 Comparison of Pressure Drons in a Line with Several Sets of 9.3 Drying with Changing Humidity of Air in a Tunnel
Fittings Resistances 101 Dryer 238
6.6 A Network of Pipelines in Series, Parallel, and Branches: 9.4 Effects of Moist Air Recycle and Increase of Fresh Air Rate
the Sketch, Material Balances, and Pressure Drop in Belt Conveyor Drying 239
Equations 101 9.5 Scale-Up of a Rotary Dryer 256
6.7 Flow of Oil in a Branched Pipeline 101 9.6 Design Details of a Countercurrent Rotary Dryer 256
6.8 Economic Optimum Pine Size for Pumping Hot Oil with a 9.1 Description of a Drum Drying System 260
Motor or Turbine Drive 102 9.8 Sizing a Pneumatic Conveying Dryer 266
6.9 Analysis of Data Obtained in a Capillary Tube 3:Yo Sizing a Fluidized Bed Dryer 272
Viscometer 107 Sizing a Spray Dryer on the Basis of Pilot Plant Data 279
6.10 Parameters of the Bingham Model from Measurements of 9.11 Sizine of a Cooling Tower: Number of Transfer Units and
Pressure Drops in a Line 107 Height of Packing- 281
6.11 Pressure Drop in Power-Law and Bingham Flow 110 10.1 Impeller Size and Speed at a Specified Power Input 293
6.12 Adiabatic and Isothermal Flow of a Gas in a Pipeline 112 10.2 Effects of the Ratios of impeller and Tank Diameters 294
6.13 Isothermal Flow of a Nonideal Gas 113 10.3 Design of the Agitation System for Maintenance of a
6.14 Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Liquid-Gas Flow 116 Slurry 299
6.15 Pressure Drp in Flow of Nitrogen and Powdered 10.4 HP and rpm Requirements of an Aerated Agitated
Coal 120 Tank 301
6.16 Dimensions of a Fluidized Bed Vessel 125 11.1 Constants of the Filtration Equation from Test Data 310
7.1 Application of Dimensionless Performance Curves 132 11.2 Filtration Process with a Centrifugal Charge Pump 311
7.2 Operating Points of Single and Double Pumps in Parallel 11.3 Rotary Vacuum Filter Operation 312
and Series 133 11.4 Filtration and Washing of a Compressible Material 314
7.3 Check of Some Performance Curves with the Concept of 12.1 Sizing a Hydrocyclone 341
Specific Speed 136 12.2 Power Requirement for Grinding 342
7.4 Gas Compression, Isentropic and True Final 13.1 Correlation of Relative Volatility 375
Temperatures 155 13.2 Vanorization and Condensation of a Ternarv Mixture 378
Compression Work with Variable Heat Capacity 157 13.3 Bubblepoint Temperature with the Virial add Wilson
E Polytropic and Isentropic Efficiencies 158 Equations 379
717 Finding Work of Compression with a Thermodynamic 13.4 Batch Distillation of Chlorinated Phenols 383
Chart 160 13.5 Distillation of Substances with Widely Different Molal
7.8 Compression Work on a Nonideal Gas 160 Heats of Vaporization 385
7.9 Selection of a Centrifugal Compressor 161 13.6 Separation of an Azeotropic Mixture by Operation at Two
7.10 Polytropic and Isentropic Temperatures 162 Pressure Levels 387
7.11 Three-Stage Compression with Intercooling and Pressure 13.7 Separation of a Partially Miscible Mixture 388
Loss between Stages 164 13.8 Enthalpy-Concentration Lines of Saturated Vapor and
7.12 Equivalent Air Rate 165 Liquid of Mixtures of Methanol and Water at a Pressure of
7.13 Interstage Condensers 166 2 aim 390
Conduction Throueh a Furnace Wall I70 13.9 Algebraic Method for Binarv Distillation Calculation 392
i:: Effect of Ignoring the Radius Correction of the Overall 13.10 Shorcut Design of Multicomponent Fractionation 396
Heat Transfer Coefficient 171 13.11 Calculation of an Absorber by the Absorption Factor
8.3 A Case of a Composite Wall: Optimum Insulation Method 399
Thickness for a Steam Line 171 13.12 Numbers of Theoretical Trays and of Transfer Units with
8.4 Performance of a Heat Exchanger with the F-Method 180 Two Values of k,/k, for a Distillation Process 402
ix