ebook img

Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design (Walas) PDF

774 Pages·2001·26.57 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Chemical Process Equipment - Selection and Design (Walas)

BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN SERIES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SERIES EDITOR ADVISORY EDITORS HOWARD BRENNER ANDREAS ACRIVOS Massachusetts Institute of Technology The City College of CUNY JAMES E. BAILEY California Institute of Technology MANFRED MORARI California Institute of Technology E. BRUCE NAUMAN Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ROBERT K. PRUD’HOMME Princeton University SERIES TITLES Chemical Process Equipment Stanley M. Walas Constitutive Equations for Polymer Melts and Solutions Ronald G. Larson Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes Ralph T. Yang Heterogeneous Reactor Design Hong H. Lee Molecular Thermodynamics of Nonideal Fluids Lloyd L. Lee Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering Stanley M. Walas Transport Processes in Chemically Reacting Flow Systems Daniel E. Rosner Viscous Flows: The Practical Use of Theory Stuart Winston Churchill RELATED TITLES Catalyst Supports and Supported Catalysts Alvin B. Stiles Enlargement and Compaction of Particulate Solids Nayland Stanley-Wood Fundamentals of Fluidized Beds John G. Yates Liquid and Liquid Mixtures J.S. Rowlimon and F. L. Swinton Mixing in the Process Industries N. Harnby, M. F. Edwards, and A. W. Nienow Shell Process Control Workshop David M. Prett and Manfred Morari Solid Liquid Separation Ladislav Svarovsky Supercritical Fluid Extraction Mark A. McHugh and Val .I. Krukonis Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design Stanley M. Walas Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas To the memory of my parents, Stanklaus and Apolonia, and to my wife, Suzy Belle Copyright 0 1990 by Butterworth-Heinemann, a division of Reed Publishing (USA) Inc. All rights reserved. The information contained in this book is based on highly regarded sources, all of which are credited herein. A wide range of references is listed. Every reasonable effort was made to give reliable and up-to-date information; neither the author nor the publisher can assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences.of their use. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walas, Stanley M. Chemical process equipment. (Butterworth-Heinemann series in chemical engineering) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chemical engineering-Apparatus and supplies. I. Title. II. Series. TP157.w334 1988 660.2’83 87-26795 ISBN 0-7506-9385-l (previously ISBN o-409-90131-8) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Walas, Stanley M. Chemical process equipment.-(Butterworth- Heinemann series in chemical engineering). series in chemical engineering). 1. Chemical engineering-Apparatus and supplies I. Title 660.2’8 TP157 ISBN 0-7506-9385-l (previously ISBN o-409-90131-8) Butterworth-Heinemann 3 13 Washington Street Newton, MA 02158-1626 10 9 8 7 Printed in the United States of America Contents LIST OF EXAMPLES ix CHAPTER 5 TRANSFER OF SOLIDS 69 PREFACE xi 5.1. Slurry Transport 69 5.2. Pneumatic Conveying 71 RULES OF THUMB: SUMMARY xiii.. . Equipment 72 Operating Conditions 73 Power Consumption and Pressure Drop 74 5.3. Mechanical Conveyors and Elevators 76 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Properties of Materials Handled 76 1.1. Process Design I Screw Conveyors 76 1.2. Equipment 1 Belt Conveyors 76 Vendors’ Questionnaires 1 Bucket Elevators and Carriers 78 Specification Forms 1 Continuous Flow Conveyor Elevators 82 1.3. Categories of Engineering Practice 1 5.4. Solids Feeders 83 1.4. Sources of Information for Process Design 2 References 88 1.5. Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices 2 1.6. Material and Energy Balances 3 1.7. Economic Balance 4 CHAPTER 6 FLOW OF FLUIDS 91 1.8. Safety Factors 6 6.1. Properties and Units 91 1.9. Safety of Plant and Environment 7 6.2. Energy Balance of a Flowing Fluid 92 1.10. Steam and Power Supply 9 6.3. Liquids 94 1.11. Design Basis 12 Fittings and Valves 95 Utilities 12 Orifices 95 1.12. Laboratory and Pilot Plant Work 12 Power Requirements 98 References 15 6.4. Pipeline Networks 98 6.5. Optimum Pipe Diameter 100 6.6. Non-Newtonian Liquids 100 CHAPTER 2 FLOWSHEETS 19 Viscosity Behavior 100 2.1. Block Flowsheets 19 Pipeline Design 106 2.2. Process Flowsheets 19 6.7. Gases 109 2.3. Mechanical (P&I) Flowsheets 19 Isentropic Flow 109 2.4. Utility Flowsheets 19 Isothermal Flow in Uniform Ducts 110 2.5. Drawing of Flowsheets 20 Adiabatic Flow 110 References 31 Nonideal Gases 111 Appendix 2.1 Descriptions of Example Process 6.8. Liquid-Gas Flow in Pipelines 111 Flowsheets 33 Homogeneous Model 113 Separated Flow Models 114 Other Aspects 114 CHAPTER 3 PROCESS CONTROL 39 6.9. Granular and Packed Beds 117 Single Phase Fluids 117 3.1. Feedback Control 39 Two-Phase Flow 118 Symbols 39 6.10. Gas-Solid Transfer 119 Cascade (Reset) Control 42 Choking Velocity 119 3.2. Individual Process Variables 4.2 Pressure Drop 119 Temperature 42 6.11. Fluidization of Beds of Particles with Gases 120 Pressure 42 Characteristics of Fluidization 123 Level of Liquid 43 Sizing Equipment 123 Flow Rate 43 References 127 Flow of Solids 43 Flow Ratio 43 Composition 43 CHAPTER 7 FLUID TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT 129 3.3. Equipment Control 43 Heat Transfer Equipment 44 7.1. Piping 129 Valves 129 Distillation Equipment 47 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Towers 50 Control Valves 129 7.2. Pump Theory 131 Chemical Reactors 53 Basic Relations 131 Liquid Pumps 55 Pumping Systems 133 Solids Feeders 55 Compressors 55 7.3. Pump Characteristics 134 References 60 7.4. Criteria for Selection of Pumps 140 7.5. Equipment for Gas Transport 143 Fans 143 Compressors 145 CHAPTER 4 DRIVERS FOR MOVING EQUIPMENT 61 Centrifugals 145 Axial Flow Compressors 146 4.1. Motors 61 Reciprocating Compressors 146 Induction 61 Rotary Compressors 149 Synchronous 61 7.6. Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression 153 Direct Current 61 Dimensionless Groups 153 4.2. Steam Turbines and Gas Expanders 62 Ideal Gases 153 4.3. Combustion Gas Turbines and Engines 65 Real Processes and Gases 156 References 68 Work on Nonideal Gases 156 vi CONTENTS Efficiency 1.59 Refractories 221 Temperature Rise, Compression Ratio, Volumetric 8.13. Refrigeration 224 Efficiency 159 Compression Refrigeration 224 7.7. Ejector and Vacuum Systems 162 Refrigerants 226 Ejector Arrangements 162 Absorption Refrigeration 229 Air Leakage 164 Cryogenics 229 Steam Consumption 165 References 229 Ejector Theory 166 Glossary for Chapter 7 166 9 DRYERS AND COOLING TOWERS 231 References 167 9.1. Interaction of Air and Water 231 9.2. Rate of Drying 234 CHAPTER 8 HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT Laboratory and Pilot Plant Testing 237 EXCHANGERS 169 9.3. Classification and General Characteristics of 8.1. Conduction of Heat 169 Dryers 237 Thermal Conductivity 169 Products 240 Hollow Cvlinder 170 Costs 240 Composite Walls 170 Specification Forms 240 Fluid Films 170 9.4. Batch Dryers 241 8.2. Mean Temperature Difference 172 9.5. Continuous Tray and Conveyor Belt Dryers 242 Single Pass Exchanger 172 9.6. Rotary Cylindrical Dryers 247 Multipass Exchangers 173 9.7. Drum Dryers for Solutions and Slurries 254 F-Method 173 9.8. Pneumatic Conveying Dryers 255 O-Method 179 9.9. Fluidized Bed Dryers 262 Selection of Shell-and-Tube Numbers of Passes 179 9.10. Spray Dryers 268 Example 179 Atomization 276 8.3. Heat Transfer Coefficients 179 Applications 276 Overall Coefficients 180 Thermal Efficiency 276 Fouling Factors 180 Design 276 Individual Film Coefficients 180 9.11. Theorv of Air-Water Interaction in Packed Metal Wall Resistance 18.2 Towers 277 Dimensionless Groups 182 Tower Height 279 8.4. Data of Heat Transfer Coefficients 182 9.12. Cooling Towers 280 Direct Contact of Hot and Cold Streams 185 Water Factors 285 Natural Convection 186 Testing and Acceptance 285 Forced Convection 186 References 285 Condensation 187 Boiling 187 CHAPTER 10 MIXING AND AGITATION 287 Extended Surfaces 188 8.5. Pressure Drop in Heat Exchangers 188 10.1. A Basic Stirred Tank Design 287 8.6. Types of Heat Exchangers 188 The Vessel 287 Plate-and-Frame Exchangers 189 Baffles 287 Spiral Heat Exchangers 194 Draft Tubes 287 Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers 194 Impeller Types 287 Air Coolers 194 Impeller Size 287 Double Pipes 19.5 Impeller Speed 288 8.7. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 195 Impeller Location 288 Construction 195 10.2. Kinds of Impellers 288 Advantages 199 10.3. Characterization of Mixing Quality 290 Tube Side or Shell Side 199 10.4. Power Consumption and Pumping Rate 292 Design of a Heat Exchanger 199 10.5. Suspension of Solids 295 Tentative Design 200 10.6. Gas Dispersion 296 8.8. Condensers 200 Spargers 296 Condenser Configurations 204 Mass Transfer 297 Desien Calculation Method 205 System Design 297 The Silver-Bell-Ghaly Method 206 Minimum Power 297 8.9. Reboilers 206 Power Consumption of Gassed Liquids 297 Kettle Reboilers 207 Superficial Liquid Velocity 297 Horizontal Shell Side Thermosiphons 207 Design Procedures 297 Vertical Thermosiphons 207 10.7. In-Line-Blenders and Mixers 300 Forced Circulation Reboilers 208 10.8. Mixing of Powders and Pastes 301 Calculation Procedures 208 References 304 8.10 Evaporators 208 Thermal Economy 210 Surface Requirements 211 CHAPTER 11 SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION 305 8.11. Fired Heaters 211 Description of Eauinment 211 11.1. Processes and Equipment 305 Heat Transfer 213 11.2 Theory of Filtration 306 Design of Fired Heaters 214 Compressible Cakes 310 8.12. Insulation of Equipment 219 11.3. Resistance to Filtration 313 Low Temperatures 221 Filter Medium 313 Medium Temperatures 221 Cake Resistivity 313 CONTENTS Vii Compressibility-Permeability (CP) Cell Tray Efficiencies 397 Measurements 314 13.8. Absorption Factor Shortcut Method of Edmister 398 Another Form of Pressure Dependence 315 13.9. Seoarations in Packed Towers 398 Pretreatment of Slurries 315 Miss Transfer Coefficients 399 11.4. Thickening and Clarifying 315 Distillation 401 11.5. Laboratory Testing and Scale-Up 317 Absorption or Stripping 401 Compression-Permeability Cell 317 13.10. Basis for Computer Evaluation of Multicomponent The SCFT Concept 317 Separations 404 Scale-Up 318 Specifications 405 11.6. Illustrations of Equipment 318 The MESH Equations 405 11.7. Applications and Performance of Equipment 320 The Wang-Henke Bubblepoint Method 408 References 334 The SR (Sum-Rates) Method 409 SC (Simultaneous Correction) Method 410 13.11. Special Kinds of Distillation Processes 410 CHAPTER 12 DISINTEGRATION, Petroleum Fractionation 411 AGGLOMERATION, AND SIZE SEPARATION OF Extractive Distillation 412 PARTICULATE SOLIDS 335 Azeotropic Distillation 420 12.1. Screening 335 Molecular Distillation 425 Revolving Screens or Trommels 335 13.12. Tray Towers 426 Capacity of Screens 335 Countercurrent Trays 426 12.2. Classification with Streams of Air or Water 337 Sieve Trays 428 Air Classifiers 337 Valve Trays 429 Wet Classifiers 339 Bubblecap Trays 431 12.3. Size Reduction 339 13.13. Packed Towers 433 12.4. Eauiument for Size Reduction 341 Kinds of Packings 433 Crushers 341 Flooding and Allowable Loads 433 Roll Crushers 341 Liquid Distribution 439 12.5. Particle Size Enlargement 351 Liauid Holdup 439 Tumblers 351 Pressure Drop 439 Roll Compacting and Briquetting 354 13.14. Efficiencies of Trays andPackings 439 Tabletting 357 Trays 439 Extrusion Processes 358 Packed Towers 442 Prilling 361 References 456 Fluidized and Spouted Beds 362 Sintering and Crushing 363 CHAPTER 14 EXTRACTION AND LEACHING 459 References 370 14.1. Equilibrium Relations 459 14.2. Calculation of Stage Requirements 463 CHAPTER 13 DISTILLATION AND GAS Single Staee Extraction 463 ABSORPTION 371 Crosscurrent Extraction 464 13.1. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 371 Immiscible Solvents 464 Relative Volatility 374 14.3. Countercurrent Operation 466 Binary x-y Diagrams 375 Minimum Solvent/Feed Ratio 468 13.2. Single-Stage Flash Calculations 375 Extract Reflux 468 Bubblepoint Temperature and Pressure 376 Minimum Reflux 469 Dewpoint Temperature and Pressure 377 Minimum Stages 469 Flash at Fixed Temnerature and Pressure 377 14.4. Leaching of Solids 470 Flash at Fixed Enthalpy and Pressure 377 14.5. Numerical Calculation of Multicomponent Equilibria with KS Dependent on Composition 377 Extraction 473 13.3. Evaporation or Simple Distillation 378 Initial Estimates 473 Multicomponent Mixtures 379 Procedure 473 13.4. Binary Distillation 379 14.6. Equipment for Extraction’ 476 Material and Energy Balances 380 Choice of Disperse Phase 476 Constant Molal Overflow 380 Mixer-Settlers’ 477 Basic Distillation Problem 382 Spray Towers 478 Unequal Molal Heats of Vaporization 382 Packed Towers 478 Material and Energy Balance Basis 382 Sieve Tray Towers 483 Algebraic Method 382 Pulsed Packed and Sieve Tray Towers 483 13.5. Batch Distillation 390 Reciprocating Tray Towers 485 Material Balances 391 Rotating Disk Contactor (RDC) 485 13.6. Multicomponent Separation: Generali Other Rotary Agitated Towers 485 Considerations 393 Other Kinds of Extractors 487 Sequencing of Columns 393 Leaching Equipment 488 Number of Free Variables 395 References 493 13.7. Estimation of Reflux and Number of Travs (Fenske- Underwood-Gilliland Method) 395 CHAPTER 15 ADSORPTION AND ION MinimumTrays 395 EXCHANGE 495 Distribution of Nonkeys 395 MinimumReflux 397 15.1. Adsorption Equilibria 495 Operating Reflux 397 15.2. Ion Exchange Equilibria 497 Actual Number of Theoretical Trays 397 15.3. Adsorption Behavior in Packed Beds 500 Feed Tray Location 397 Regeneration 504 Viii CONTENTS 15.4. Adsorption Design and Operating Practices 504 Homogeneous Liquid Reactions 595 15.5. Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices 506 Liquid-Liquid Reactions 595 Electrodialysis 508 Gas-Liquid Reactions 595 15.6. Production Scale Chromatography 510 Noncatalytic Reactions with Solids 595 15.7. Equipment and Processes 510 Fluidized Beds of Noncatalytic Solids 595 Gas Adsorption 511 Circulating Gas or Solids 596 Liquid Phase Adsorption 513 Fixed Bed Solid Catalysis 596 Ion Exchange 517 Fluidized Bed Catalysis 601 Ion Exchange Membranes and Electrodialysis 517 Gas-Liquid Reactions with Solid Catalysts 604 Chromatographic Equipment 520 References 609 References 522 CHAPTER 18 PROCESS VESSELS 611 CHAPTER 16 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTIONS 18.1. Drums 611 AND MELTS 523 18.2. Fractionator Reflux Drums 612 18.3. Liquid-Liquid Separators 612 16.1. Solubilities and Equilibria 523 Coalescence 613 Phase Diagrams 523 Other Methods 613 Enthalpy Balances 524 18.4. Gas-Liquid Separators 613 16.2. Crvstal Size Distribution 525 Droplet Sizes 613 16.3. The Process of Crystallization 528 Rate of Settling 614 Conditions of Precipitation 528 Empty Drums 615 Supersaturation 528 Wire Mesh Pad Deentrainers 615 Growth Rates 530 18.5. Cyclone Separators 616 16.4. The Ideal Stirred Tank 533 18.6. Storage Tanks 619 Multiple Stirred Tanks in Series 536 18.7. Mechanical Design of Process Vessels 621 Applicability of the CSTC Model 536 Design Pressure and Temperature 623 16.5. Kinds of Crystallizers 537 Shells and Heads 624 16.6. Melt Crystallization and Purification 543 Formulas for Strength Calculations 624 Multistage Processing 543 References 629 The Metallwerk Buchs Process 543 Purification Processes 543 CHAPTER 19 OTHER TOPICS 631 References 548 19.1. Membrane Processes 631 Membranes 632 CHAPTER 17 CHEMICAL REACTORS 549 Equipment Configurations 632 Applications 632 17.1. Design Basis and Space Velocity 549 Gas Permeation 633 Design Basis 549 19.2. Foam Separation and Froth Flotation 635 Reaction Times 549 Foam Fractionation 635 17.2. Rate Equations and Operating Modes 549 Froth Flotation 636 17.3. Material and Energy Balances of Reactors 555 19.3. Sublimation and Freeze Drying 638 17.4. Nonideal Flow Patterns 556 Equipment 639 Residence Time Distribution 556 Freeze Drying 639 Conversion in Segregated and Maximum Mixed 19.4. Parametric Pumping 639 Flows 560 19.5. Seoarations bv Thermal Diffusion 642 Conversion in Segregated Flow and CSTR 19.6. Electrochemical Syntheses 645 Batteries 560 Electrochemical Reactions 646 Dispersion Model 560 Fuel Cells 646 Laminar and Related Flow Patterns 561 Cells for Synthesis of Chemicals 648 17.5. Selection of Catalysts 562 19.7. Fermentation Processing 648 Heterogeneous Catalysts 562 Processing 650 Kinds of Catalysts 563 Operating Conditions 650 Kinds of Catalvzed Organic Reactions 563 Reactors 654 Physical Characteristics of Solid Catalysts 564 References 660 Catalyst Effectiveness 565 17.6. Types and Examples of Reactors 567 CHAPTER 20 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL Stirred Tanks 567 EQUIPMENT 663 Tubular Flow Reactors 569 Gas-Liquid Reactions 571 References 669 Fixed Bed Reactors 572 Moving Beds 574 APPENDIX A UNITS, NOTATION, AND Kilns and Hearth Furnaces 575 GENERAL DATA 671 Fluidized Bed Reactors 579 17.7. Heat Transfer in Reactors 582 Stirred Tanks 586 APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION Packed Bed Thermal Conductivity 587 FORMS 681 Heat Transfer Coefficient at Walls, to Particles, and Overall 587 APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRES OF EQUIPMENT Fluidized Beds 589 SUPPLIERS 727 17.8. Classes of Reaction Processes and Their Equipment 592 Homogeneous Gas Reactions 592 INDEX 747 List of Examples 1.1 Material Balance of a Chlorination Process with Recycle 5 8.5 Application of the Effectiveness and the 8 Method 182 1.2 Data of a Steam Generator for Making 250,000 lb/hr at 450 8.6 Sizing an Exchanger with Radial Finned Tubes 193 psia and 650°F from Water Entering at 220°F 9 8.7 Pressure Drop on the Tube Side of a Vertical Thermosiphon 1.3 Steam Plant Cycle for Generation of Power and Low Reboiler 193 Pressure Process Steam 11 8.8 Pressure Drop on the Shell Side with 25% Open Segmental 1.4 Pickup of Waste Heat by Generating and Superheating Baffles by Kern’s Method 194 Steam in a Petroleum Refinery 11 8.9 Estimation of the Surface Requirements of an Air 1.5 Recovery of Power from a Hot Gas Stream 12 Cooler 199 3.1 Constants of PID Controllers from Response Curves to a 8.10 Process Design of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger 204 Step Input 42 8.11 Sizing a Condenser for a Mixture by the Silver-Bell-Ghatly 4.1 Steam Requirement of a Turbine Operation 65 Method 207 4.2 Performance of a Combustion Gas Turbine 67 8.12 Comparison of Three Kinds of Reboilers for the Same 5.1 Conditions of a Coal Slurry Pipeline 70 Service 209 5.2 Size and Power Requirement of a Pneumatic Transfer 8.13 Peak Temperatures 214 Line 77 8.14 Effect of Stock Temperature Variation 214 5.3 Sizing a Screw Conveyor 80 8.15 Design of a Fired Heater 217 5.4 Sizing a Belt Conveyor 83 8.16 Annlication of the Wilson-Lobo-Hottel eauation 219 Comparison of Redler and Zippered Belt Conveyors 88 8.17 Two-Stages Propylene Compression Refrigeration with 6.1 Density of a Nonideal Gas from Its Equation of State 91 Interstage Recycle 225 6.2 Unsteady Flow of an Ideal Gas through a Vessel 93 9.1 Conditions in an Adiabatic Dryer 234 6.3 Units of the Energy Balance 94 9.2 Drying Time over Constant and Falling Rate Periods with 6.4 Pressure Drop in Nonisothermal Liquid Flow 97 Constant Gas Conditions 237 6.5 Comparison of Pressure Drons in a Line with Several Sets of 9.3 Drying with Changing Humidity of Air in a Tunnel Fittings Resistances 101 Dryer 238 6.6 A Network of Pipelines in Series, Parallel, and Branches: 9.4 Effects of Moist Air Recycle and Increase of Fresh Air Rate the Sketch, Material Balances, and Pressure Drop in Belt Conveyor Drying 239 Equations 101 9.5 Scale-Up of a Rotary Dryer 256 6.7 Flow of Oil in a Branched Pipeline 101 9.6 Design Details of a Countercurrent Rotary Dryer 256 6.8 Economic Optimum Pine Size for Pumping Hot Oil with a 9.1 Description of a Drum Drying System 260 Motor or Turbine Drive 102 9.8 Sizing a Pneumatic Conveying Dryer 266 6.9 Analysis of Data Obtained in a Capillary Tube 3:Yo Sizing a Fluidized Bed Dryer 272 Viscometer 107 Sizing a Spray Dryer on the Basis of Pilot Plant Data 279 6.10 Parameters of the Bingham Model from Measurements of 9.11 Sizine of a Cooling Tower: Number of Transfer Units and Pressure Drops in a Line 107 Height of Packing- 281 6.11 Pressure Drop in Power-Law and Bingham Flow 110 10.1 Impeller Size and Speed at a Specified Power Input 293 6.12 Adiabatic and Isothermal Flow of a Gas in a Pipeline 112 10.2 Effects of the Ratios of impeller and Tank Diameters 294 6.13 Isothermal Flow of a Nonideal Gas 113 10.3 Design of the Agitation System for Maintenance of a 6.14 Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Liquid-Gas Flow 116 Slurry 299 6.15 Pressure Drp in Flow of Nitrogen and Powdered 10.4 HP and rpm Requirements of an Aerated Agitated Coal 120 Tank 301 6.16 Dimensions of a Fluidized Bed Vessel 125 11.1 Constants of the Filtration Equation from Test Data 310 7.1 Application of Dimensionless Performance Curves 132 11.2 Filtration Process with a Centrifugal Charge Pump 311 7.2 Operating Points of Single and Double Pumps in Parallel 11.3 Rotary Vacuum Filter Operation 312 and Series 133 11.4 Filtration and Washing of a Compressible Material 314 7.3 Check of Some Performance Curves with the Concept of 12.1 Sizing a Hydrocyclone 341 Specific Speed 136 12.2 Power Requirement for Grinding 342 7.4 Gas Compression, Isentropic and True Final 13.1 Correlation of Relative Volatility 375 Temperatures 155 13.2 Vanorization and Condensation of a Ternarv Mixture 378 Compression Work with Variable Heat Capacity 157 13.3 Bubblepoint Temperature with the Virial add Wilson E Polytropic and Isentropic Efficiencies 158 Equations 379 717 Finding Work of Compression with a Thermodynamic 13.4 Batch Distillation of Chlorinated Phenols 383 Chart 160 13.5 Distillation of Substances with Widely Different Molal 7.8 Compression Work on a Nonideal Gas 160 Heats of Vaporization 385 7.9 Selection of a Centrifugal Compressor 161 13.6 Separation of an Azeotropic Mixture by Operation at Two 7.10 Polytropic and Isentropic Temperatures 162 Pressure Levels 387 7.11 Three-Stage Compression with Intercooling and Pressure 13.7 Separation of a Partially Miscible Mixture 388 Loss between Stages 164 13.8 Enthalpy-Concentration Lines of Saturated Vapor and 7.12 Equivalent Air Rate 165 Liquid of Mixtures of Methanol and Water at a Pressure of 7.13 Interstage Condensers 166 2 aim 390 Conduction Throueh a Furnace Wall I70 13.9 Algebraic Method for Binarv Distillation Calculation 392 i:: Effect of Ignoring the Radius Correction of the Overall 13.10 Shorcut Design of Multicomponent Fractionation 396 Heat Transfer Coefficient 171 13.11 Calculation of an Absorber by the Absorption Factor 8.3 A Case of a Composite Wall: Optimum Insulation Method 399 Thickness for a Steam Line 171 13.12 Numbers of Theoretical Trays and of Transfer Units with 8.4 Performance of a Heat Exchanger with the F-Method 180 Two Values of k,/k, for a Distillation Process 402 ix

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.