Table Of Content

C H E MICA L P RINCIPLES THE QU E ST FOR INSIGHT Seventh Edition PETER ATKINS LORETTA JONES LEROY LAVERMAN Periodic Table of the Elements H 1 hydrogen Period 1 1.0079 Group 1 2 1s1 Li 3 Be 4 lithium beryllium 2 6.94 9.01 2s1 2s2 Na 11 Mg 12 sodium magnesium 3 22.99 24.31 3s1 3s2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt 4 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.84 58.93 d o 4s1 4s2 3d14s2 3d24s2 3d34s2 3d54s1 3d54s2 3d64s2 3d74s2 i r e P Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium 5 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.90 5s1 5s2 4d15s2 4d25s2 4d45s1 4d55s1 4d55s2 4d75s1 4d85s1 Cs 55 Ba 56 La 57 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium 6 132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 6s1 6s2 5d16s2 5d26s2 5d36s2 5d46s2 5d56s2 5d66s2 5d76s2 Fr 87 Ra 88 Ac 89 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium 7 (223) (226) (227) (265) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) 7s1 7s2 6d17s2 6d27s2 6d37s2 6d47s2 6d57s2 6d67s2 6d77s2 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Lanthanoids cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium 6 (lanthanides) 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 4f15d16s2 4f36s2 4f46s2 4f56s2 4f66s2 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Actinoids thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium 7 (actinides) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) 6d27s2 5f26d17s2 5f36d17s2 5f46d17s2 5f67s2 Molar masses (atomic weights) quoted to the number of significant figures given here can be regarded as typical of most naturally occurring samples. Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 have been identified but not yet (in 2016) formally named. 18 He 2 helium 4.00 13 14 15 16 17 1s2 Metal B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon Metalloid 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 2s22p1 2s22p2 2s22p3 2s22p4 2s22p5 2s22p6 Nonmetal Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 10 11 12 3s23p1 3s23p2 3s23p3 3s23p4 3s23p5 3s23p6 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 3d84s2 3d104s1 3d104s2 4s24p1 4s24p2 4s24p3 4s24p4 4s24p5 4s24p6 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 4d10 4d105s1 4d105s2 5s25p1 5s25p2 5s25p3 5s25p4 5s25p5 5s25p6 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222) 5d96s1 5d106s1 5d106s2 6s26p1 6s26p2 6s26p3 6s26p4 6s26p5 6s26p6 Ds 110 Rg 111 Cn 112 113 Fl 114 115 Lv 116 117 118 darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium (281) (280) (285) (289) (293) 6d87s2 6d107s1 6d107s2 7s27p2 7s27p4 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 4f76s2 4f75d16s2 4f96s2 4f106s2 4f116s2 4f126s2 4f136s2 4f146s2 5d16s2 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md101 No 102 Lr 103 americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) 5f77s2 5f76d17s2 5f97s2 5f107s2 5f117s2 5f127s2 5f137s2 5f147s2 6d17s2 FREQUENTLY USED TABLES AND FIGURES Page Atomic and molecular properties Atomic radii Fig. 1F.4 54 Ionic radii Fig. 1F.6 55 First ionization energies Fig. 1F.8 57 Electron affi nity Fig. 1F.12 59 Electronegativity Fig. 2D.2 97 Average bond lengths Table 2D.3 101 Ground-state electron confi gurations Appendix 2C A18 Th e elements (physical properties) Appendix 2D A19 Th ermodynamic properties Standard enthalpies of physical change Table 4C.1 268 Lattice enthalpies Table 4E.1 291 Mean bond enthalpies Table 4E.3 293 Vapor pressure of water Table 5A.2 351 Th ermodynamic data Appendix 2A A9 Solutions Acidity constants at 25 °C Table 6C.1 461 Basicity constants at 25 °C Table 6C.2 462 Acidity constants of polyprotic acids at 25 °C Table 6E.1 483 Solubility products Table 6I.1 524 Electrochemistry Standard potentials Table 6M.1 557 Appendix 2B A16 this'page'left'intentionally'blank CHEMICAL S E V PRINCIPLES E N T H THE QUEST FOR INSIGHT E D I T I PETER ATKINS O Oxford University N LORETTA JONES University of Northern Colorado LEROY LAVERMAN University of California, Santa Barbara New York Publisher: Kate Ahr Parker Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951706 Acquisitions Editor: Alicia Brady ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-8395-9 Developmental Editor: Heidi Bamatter ISBN-10: 1-4641-8395-3 Marketing Manager: Maureen Rachford Marketing Assistant: Cate McCaffery © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2005 by P. W. Atkins, L. L. Jones, and L. E. Laverman Media Editor: Amy Thorne All rights reserved Media Producer: Jenny Chiu Photo Editor: Robin Fadool Printed in the United States of America Photo Licensing Editor: Richard Fox First printing Senior Project Editor: Elizabeth Geller Cover Designer: Blake Logan International Edition Cover Design: Dirk Kaufman Text Designer: Marsha Cohen Art Manager: Matthew McAdams Illustrations: Peter Atkins and Leroy Laverman Production Manager: Susan Wein Composition: Aptara Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Cover Image: © Ted Kinsman/Alamy W. H. Freeman and Company One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York, NY 10004-1562 www.whfreeman.com FUNDAMENTALS F1 C O Focus 1 ATOMS 1 N Focus 2 MOLECULES 67 T E Focus 3 STATES OF MATTER 145 N INTERLUDE Ceramics and Glasses 239 T Focus 4 THERMODYNAMICS 241 S INTERLUDE Free Energy and Life 346 I N Focus 5 EQUILIBRIUM 347 INTERLUDE Homeostasis 442 B Focus 6 REACTIONS 443 R INTERLUDE Practical Cells 584 I E Focus 7 KINETICS 587 F Focus 8 THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS 643 Focus 9 THE d-BLOCK ELEMENTS 705 Focus 10 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 747 Focus 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 777 INTERLUDE Technology: Fuels 829 MAJOR TECHNIQUES (Online Only) http://macmillanhighered.com/chemicalprinciples7e iii this'page'left'intentionally'blank Preface xv F The Determination of C Composition F46 O F.1 Mass Percentage Composition / F46 F.2 Determining Empirical Formulas / F48 N F.3 Determining Molecular Formulas / F49 FUNDAMENTALS / F1 T FUNDAMENTALS F Exercises / F50 E Introduction and Orientation F1 G Mixtures and Solutions F51 N G.1 Classifying Mixtures / F51 A Matter and Energy F5 G.2 Separation Techniques / F53 T A.1 Symbols and Units / F5 G.3 Concentration / F54 S A.2 Accuracy and Precision / F8 G.4 Dilution / F56 A.3 Force / F9 TOOLBOX G.1 How to Calculate the A.4 Energy / F10 Volume of Stock Solution Required for FUNDAMENTALS A Exercises / F13 a Given Dilution / F57 B Elements and Atoms F15 FUNDAMENTALS G Exercises / F58 B.1 Atoms / F15 H Chemical Equations F60 B.2 The Nuclear Model / F16 H.1 Representing Chemical Reactions / F60 B.3 Isotopes / F18 H.2 Balanced Chemical Equations / F62 B.4 The Organization of the FUNDAMENTALS H Exercises / F64 Elements / F19 FUNDAMENTALS B Exercises / F21 I Precipitation Reactions F66 I.1 Electrolytes / F66 C Compounds F22 I.2 Precipitates / F67 C.1 What Are Compounds? / F22 I.3 Ionic and Net Ionic Equations / F68 C.2 Molecules and Molecular I.4 Putting Precipitation to Work / F69 Compounds / F23 C.3 Ions and Ionic Compounds / F24 FUNDAMENTALS I Exercises / F71 FUNDAMENTALS C Exercises / F28 J Acids and Bases F72 D Nomenclature F29 J.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution / F73 D.1 Names of Cations / F29 J.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases / F74 D.2 Names of Anions / F29 J.3 Neutralization / F76 D.3 Names of Ionic Compounds / F31 TOOLBOX D.1 How to Name Ionic FUNDAMENTALS J Exercises / F77 Compounds / F31 K Redox Reactions F78 D.4 Names of Inorganic Molecular K.1 Oxidation and Reduction / F78 Compounds / F32 K.2 Oxidation Numbers / F80 TOOLBOX D.2 How to Name Simple Inorganic Molecular TOOLBOX K.1 How to Assign Oxidation Compounds / F33 Numbers / F80 D.5 The Nomenclature of Some Common K.3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents / F82 Organic Compounds / F35 K.4 Balancing Simple Redox Equations / F84 FUNDAMENTALS D Exercises / F37 FUNDAMENTALS K Exercises / F85 E Moles and Molar Masses F38 E.1 The Mole / F38 L Reaction Stoichiometry F87 E.2 Molar Mass / F40 L.1 Mole-to-Mole Predictions / F87 FUNDAMENTALS E Exercises / F44 L.2 Mass-to-Mass Predictions / F88 v

ebook img

Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight PDF

1097 Pages·2016·239.683 MB·English
by  Peter Atkins (author), Loretta Jones (author), Leroy Laverman (author)
#
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight

C H E MICA L P RINCIPLES THE QU E ST FOR INSIGHT Seventh Edition PETER ATKINS LORETTA JONES LEROY LAVERMAN Periodic Table of the Elements H 1 hydrogen Period 1 1.0079 Group 1 2 1s1 Li 3 Be 4 lithium beryllium 2 6.94 9.01 2s1 2s2 Na 11 Mg 12 sodium magnesium 3 22.99 24.31 3s1 3s2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt 4 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.84 58.93 d o 4s1 4s2 3d14s2 3d24s2 3d34s2 3d54s1 3d54s2 3d64s2 3d74s2 i r e P Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium 5 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.90 5s1 5s2 4d15s2 4d25s2 4d45s1 4d55s1 4d55s2 4d75s1 4d85s1 Cs 55 Ba 56 La 57 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium 6 132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 6s1 6s2 5d16s2 5d26s2 5d36s2 5d46s2 5d56s2 5d66s2 5d76s2 Fr 87 Ra 88 Ac 89 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium 7 (223) (226) (227) (265) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) 7s1 7s2 6d17s2 6d27s2 6d37s2 6d47s2 6d57s2 6d67s2 6d77s2 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Lanthanoids cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium 6 (lanthanides) 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 4f15d16s2 4f36s2 4f46s2 4f56s2 4f66s2 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Actinoids thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium 7 (actinides) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) 6d27s2 5f26d17s2 5f36d17s2 5f46d17s2 5f67s2 Molar masses (atomic weights) quoted to the number of significant figures given here can be regarded as typical of most naturally occurring samples. Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 have been identified but not yet (in 2016) formally named. 18 He 2 helium 4.00 13 14 15 16 17 1s2 Metal B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon Metalloid 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 2s22p1 2s22p2 2s22p3 2s22p4 2s22p5 2s22p6 Nonmetal Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 10 11 12 3s23p1 3s23p2 3s23p3 3s23p4 3s23p5 3s23p6 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 3d84s2 3d104s1 3d104s2 4s24p1 4s24p2 4s24p3 4s24p4 4s24p5 4s24p6 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 4d10 4d105s1 4d105s2 5s25p1 5s25p2 5s25p3 5s25p4 5s25p5 5s25p6 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222) 5d96s1 5d106s1 5d106s2 6s26p1 6s26p2 6s26p3 6s26p4 6s26p5 6s26p6 Ds 110 Rg 111 Cn 112 113 Fl 114 115 Lv 116 117 118 darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium (281) (280) (285) (289) (293) 6d87s2 6d107s1 6d107s2 7s27p2 7s27p4 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 4f76s2 4f75d16s2 4f96s2 4f106s2 4f116s2 4f126s2 4f136s2 4f146s2 5d16s2 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md101 No 102 Lr 103 americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) 5f77s2 5f76d17s2 5f97s2 5f107s2 5f117s2 5f127s2 5f137s2 5f147s2 6d17s2 FREQUENTLY USED TABLES AND FIGURES Page Atomic and molecular properties Atomic radii Fig. 1F.4 54 Ionic radii Fig. 1F.6 55 First ionization energies Fig. 1F.8 57 Electron affi nity Fig. 1F.12 59 Electronegativity Fig. 2D.2 97 Average bond lengths Table 2D.3 101 Ground-state electron confi gurations Appendix 2C A18 Th e elements (physical properties) Appendix 2D A19 Th ermodynamic properties Standard enthalpies of physical change Table 4C.1 268 Lattice enthalpies Table 4E.1 291 Mean bond enthalpies Table 4E.3 293 Vapor pressure of water Table 5A.2 351 Th ermodynamic data Appendix 2A A9 Solutions Acidity constants at 25 °C Table 6C.1 461 Basicity constants at 25 °C Table 6C.2 462 Acidity constants of polyprotic acids at 25 °C Table 6E.1 483 Solubility products Table 6I.1 524 Electrochemistry Standard potentials Table 6M.1 557 Appendix 2B A16 this'page'left'intentionally'blank CHEMICAL S E V PRINCIPLES E N T H THE QUEST FOR INSIGHT E D I T I PETER ATKINS O Oxford University N LORETTA JONES University of Northern Colorado LEROY LAVERMAN University of California, Santa Barbara New York Publisher: Kate Ahr Parker Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951706 Acquisitions Editor: Alicia Brady ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-8395-9 Developmental Editor: Heidi Bamatter ISBN-10: 1-4641-8395-3 Marketing Manager: Maureen Rachford Marketing Assistant: Cate McCaffery © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2005 by P. W. Atkins, L. L. Jones, and L. E. Laverman Media Editor: Amy Thorne All rights reserved Media Producer: Jenny Chiu Photo Editor: Robin Fadool Printed in the United States of America Photo Licensing Editor: Richard Fox First printing Senior Project Editor: Elizabeth Geller Cover Designer: Blake Logan International Edition Cover Design: Dirk Kaufman Text Designer: Marsha Cohen Art Manager: Matthew McAdams Illustrations: Peter Atkins and Leroy Laverman Production Manager: Susan Wein Composition: Aptara Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Cover Image: © Ted Kinsman/Alamy W. H. Freeman and Company One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York, NY 10004-1562 www.whfreeman.com FUNDAMENTALS F1 C O Focus 1 ATOMS 1 N Focus 2 MOLECULES 67 T E Focus 3 STATES OF MATTER 145 N INTERLUDE Ceramics and Glasses 239 T Focus 4 THERMODYNAMICS 241 S INTERLUDE Free Energy and Life 346 I N Focus 5 EQUILIBRIUM 347 INTERLUDE Homeostasis 442 B Focus 6 REACTIONS 443 R INTERLUDE Practical Cells 584 I E Focus 7 KINETICS 587 F Focus 8 THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS 643 Focus 9 THE d-BLOCK ELEMENTS 705 Focus 10 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 747 Focus 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 777 INTERLUDE Technology: Fuels 829 MAJOR TECHNIQUES (Online Only) http://macmillanhighered.com/chemicalprinciples7e iii this'page'left'intentionally'blank Preface xv F The Determination of C Composition F46 O F.1 Mass Percentage Composition / F46 F.2 Determining Empirical Formulas / F48 N F.3 Determining Molecular Formulas / F49 FUNDAMENTALS / F1 T FUNDAMENTALS F Exercises / F50 E Introduction and Orientation F1 G Mixtures and Solutions F51 N G.1 Classifying Mixtures / F51 A Matter and Energy F5 G.2 Separation Techniques / F53 T A.1 Symbols and Units / F5 G.3 Concentration / F54 S A.2 Accuracy and Precision / F8 G.4 Dilution / F56 A.3 Force / F9 TOOLBOX G.1 How to Calculate the A.4 Energy / F10 Volume of Stock Solution Required for FUNDAMENTALS A Exercises / F13 a Given Dilution / F57 B Elements and Atoms F15 FUNDAMENTALS G Exercises / F58 B.1 Atoms / F15 H Chemical Equations F60 B.2 The Nuclear Model / F16 H.1 Representing Chemical Reactions / F60 B.3 Isotopes / F18 H.2 Balanced Chemical Equations / F62 B.4 The Organization of the FUNDAMENTALS H Exercises / F64 Elements / F19 FUNDAMENTALS B Exercises / F21 I Precipitation Reactions F66 I.1 Electrolytes / F66 C Compounds F22 I.2 Precipitates / F67 C.1 What Are Compounds? / F22 I.3 Ionic and Net Ionic Equations / F68 C.2 Molecules and Molecular I.4 Putting Precipitation to Work / F69 Compounds / F23 C.3 Ions and Ionic Compounds / F24 FUNDAMENTALS I Exercises / F71 FUNDAMENTALS C Exercises / F28 J Acids and Bases F72 D Nomenclature F29 J.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution / F73 D.1 Names of Cations / F29 J.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases / F74 D.2 Names of Anions / F29 J.3 Neutralization / F76 D.3 Names of Ionic Compounds / F31 TOOLBOX D.1 How to Name Ionic FUNDAMENTALS J Exercises / F77 Compounds / F31 K Redox Reactions F78 D.4 Names of Inorganic Molecular K.1 Oxidation and Reduction / F78 Compounds / F32 K.2 Oxidation Numbers / F80 TOOLBOX D.2 How to Name Simple Inorganic Molecular TOOLBOX K.1 How to Assign Oxidation Compounds / F33 Numbers / F80 D.5 The Nomenclature of Some Common K.3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents / F82 Organic Compounds / F35 K.4 Balancing Simple Redox Equations / F84 FUNDAMENTALS D Exercises / F37 FUNDAMENTALS K Exercises / F85 E Moles and Molar Masses F38 E.1 The Mole / F38 L Reaction Stoichiometry F87 E.2 Molar Mass / F40 L.1 Mole-to-Mole Predictions / F87 FUNDAMENTALS E Exercises / F44 L.2 Mass-to-Mass Predictions / F88 v

See more

The list of books you might like

Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.
DMCA & Copyright: Dear all, most of the website is community built, users are uploading hundred of books everyday, which makes really hard for us to identify copyrighted material, please contact us if you want any material removed.
Copyright @ PDFdrive.to, 2022 | We love our users