Chemical Principles

1239 Pages·2016·74.228 MB·English

by  Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

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Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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AtomicMass 39.10140.9[145][231]226[222]186.2102.9[272]85.47101.1[261]150.444.96[263]78.9628.09107.922.9987.6232.07180.9[98]127.6158.9204.4232.0168.9118.747.88183.9238.050.94131.3173.088.9165.3891.22
mic ber 9 9 1 1 8 6 5 5 1 7 4 4 2 1 6 4 4 7 1 8 6 3 3 2 5 1 0 9 0 2 4 2 3 4 0 9 0 0
AtoNum 15698874113410621031413174568965279257334
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ymb K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
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Element Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium RadonRhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium RutherfordiumSamarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium otope.
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Masse mic Atomicber Mass 2 72.599 197.02 178.58 [265]2 4.0037 164.91 1.0089 114.83 126.97 192.26 55.856 83.807 138.93 [260]2 207.26 [293]3 6.94191 175.02 24.315 54.949 [268]1 [258]0 200.62 95.940 144.20 20.183 [237]8 58.691 92.917 14.012 [259]6 190.28 16.006 106.45 30.978 195.14 [244]4 [209] mass of the long
c AtoNum 37710 6 45723510811 71210108461924 107 41798 s the
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to Symbol Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Lv Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po ckets de
A a
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Table of Element Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium HolmiumHydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron KryptonLanthanum Lawrencium Lead Livermorium Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium § A value given in
e.
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AtomicMass §[227]26.98[243]121.839.9574.92[210]137.3[247]9.012209.0[264]10.8179.90112.440.08[251]12.01140.1132.9035.4552.0058.93[285]63.55[247][271][262]162.5[252]167.3152.0[257][289]19.00[223]157.369.72 es where
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mic ber 9 3 5 1 8 3 5 6 7 4 3 7 5 5 8 0 8 6 8 5 7 4 7 2 9 6 0 5 6 9 8 3 0 4 9 7 4 1 nt fi
AtoNum 819513859 810 3429 551221129111069661011 863 nifica
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Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga are to four
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Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic AstatineBarium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium BoronBromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copernicium Copper Curium DarmstadtiuDubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Flerovium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium The values give
*
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Chemical Principles
8
th EDItIon
Steven S. Zumdahl Donald J. DeCoste
•
University of Illinois University of Illinois
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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Chemical Principles, Eighth Edition © 2017, 2013 Cengage Learning
Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Contents
Learning to think Like a Chemist xv
About the Authors xxi
1 Chemists and Chemistry 1
1.1 thinking Like a Chemist 3
1.2 A Real-World Chemistry Problem 3
Chemistry Explorers Alison Williams’s Focus: the Structure of nucleic Acids 4
Chemistry Explorers Stephanie Burns: Chemist, Executive 5
1.3 the Scientific Method 7
Chemical Insights Critical Units! 9
1.4 Industrial Chemistry 10
Chemical Insights A note-able Achievement 11
1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Real-World Chemistry 12
Key terms 14
For Review 14
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 15
2.1 the Early history of Chemistry 16
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 17
2.3 Dalton’s Atomic theory 19
2.4 Cannizzaro’s Interpretation 21
Chemical Insights Seeing Atoms 22
2.5 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom 24
Chemical Insights Marie Curie: Founder of Radioactivity 26
2.6 the Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction 29
2.7 Molecules and Ions 30
2.8 An Introduction to the Periodic table 34
2.9 naming Simple Compounds 35
Chemical Insights hassium Fits Right In 36
Chemical Insights Playing tag 42
Key terms 45
For Review 45
Discussion Questions and Exercises 46
iii
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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iv Contents
3 Stoichiometry 47
3.1 Atomic Masses 48
Chemical Insights “Whair” Do You Live? 49
3.2 the Mole 51
3.3 Molar Mass 53
Chemical Insights Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules or Making
Elephants Fly 55
3.4 Conceptual Problem Solving 55
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 57
3.6 Determining the Formula of a Compound 59
3.7 Chemical Equations 65
3.8 Balancing Chemical Equations 67
3.9 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products 69
3.10 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant 71
3.11 Solving a Complex Problem 78
Key terms 82
For Review 82
Discussion Questions and Exercises 83
4 types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 84
4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 85
4.2 the nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong
and Weak Electrolytes 87
4.3 the Composition of Solutions 90
4.4 types of Chemical Reactions 96
4.5 Precipitation Reactions 96
4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution 101
4.7 Selective Precipitation 102
Chemical Insights Chemical Analysis of Cockroaches 103
4.8 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions 104
4.9 Acid–Base Reactions 107
4.10 oxidation–Reduction Reactions 113
4.11 Balancing oxidation–Reduction Equations 117
4.12 Simple oxidation–Reduction titrations 124
Key terms 126
For Review 126
Discussion Questions and Exercises 127
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents v
5 Gases 128
5.1 Early Experiments 129
5.2 the Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro 130
5.3 the Ideal Gas Law 133
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry 137
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 139
Chemical Insights the Chemistry of Air Bags 141
5.6 the Kinetic Molecular theory of Gases 143
Chemical Insights Separating Gases 144
5.7 Effusion and Diffusion 151
5.8 Collisions of Gas Particles with the Container Walls 154
5.9 Intermolecular Collisions 156
5.10 Real Gases 159
Chemistry Explorers Kenneth Suslick Practices Sound Chemistry 161
5.11 Characteristics of Several Real Gases 162
5.12 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 162
Chemical Insights the Importance of oxygen 165
Key terms 167
For Review 167
Discussion Questions and Exercises 168
6 Chemical Equilibrium 169
6.1 the Equilibrium Condition 171
6.2 the Equilibrium Constant 173
6.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures 176
6.4 the Concept of Activity 178
6.5 heterogeneous Equilibria 179
6.6 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant 180
6.7 Solving Equilibrium Problems 184
6.8 Le Châtelier’s Principle 188
6.9 Equilibria Involving Real Gases 194
Key terms 195
For Review 195
Discussion Questions and Exercises 196
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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