Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization (Civil and Environmental Engineering)

583 Pages·2003·9.415 MB·English

by  Reuben H. Karol

Chemical Grouting
and Soil Stabilization
———————————i—————————————
Third Edition, Revised and Expanded
Reuben H. Karol
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.
MARCEL
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL
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Civil and Environmental Engineering
A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks
Editor
Michael D. Meyer
Department of Qvil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
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12. Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization: Third Edition,
Revised and Expanded
Reuben H. Karol
Additional Volumes in Production
Preface to the Third Edition
Over a decade has passed since publication of the second edition. During
this time the major changes have been the movement of chemical grouting
from remedial use to preventive use, and the development and growing use
of other methods of ground improvement. Although new grouts have been
developed, silicates and acrylics still dominate the domestic market.
Increasing sophistication in grouting equipment and procedures, as
well as in associated placement techniques, and the growing number of
organizations specifying and using chemical grouts, have resulted in the
broad acceptance of chemical grouting as a bona fide construction tool.
The basics of chemical grouting remain largely unchanged and, with
appropriate modifications and additions, occupy a major part of this
edition. Over the years of teaching grouting, I have found it desirable to
include informationon other acceptedprocedures forsoilmodificationand
stabilization (as well as some very recent innovations) in sufficient detail to
permitassessmentoftheplaceofgroutinginthecontractor’sarsenaloffield
procedures. Other ground improvement techniques are now discussed in
much greater detail than in the two previous editions.
This past decade has seen rapidly growing concern for the problems
causedbyhazardouswastes.Containmentofsuchwasteswilldemandmore
andmoreattentioninthecomingyears.Groutingandotherprocedurescan
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iv Prefaceto theThirdEdition
be used for containment, and the final chapter of this edition is devoted to
that subject.
The Internet has expanded tremendously since publication of the
second edition, and now contains voluminous data related to methods of
ground modification and improvement. For this reason, the chapter
referencesnowincludeInternetsitesrelatedtothechaptertopics.Problems
have been added, where appropriate, so that this edition may also be used
for student instruction.
Reuben H. Karol
Preface to the Second Edition
In the time since publication of the first edition, many changes have
occurred involving the materials and practice of chemical grouting. First
and foremost has been the growing acceptance of chemical grouting as a
preventive measure, as well as a remedial measure. Together with this
acceptance has come a significant increase in the number of small
contractors working with chemical grouts. This positive growth has been
fuelled by a better understanding of the properties and behavior of grouts,
and by a spread of general knowledge of how to exploit those properties.
These arethe factorsthat have prompted thewritingof asecondedition of
thisbook.Whiletheoriginalmaterialisstillapplicable,thiseditionexpands
the various topics presented earlier, and adds new topics that have either
gained in importance or been developed since the publication of the first
edition.
In Chapter 1, additional information has been given on competitive
methods: compressed air, freezing, and slurry walls. The subsection on
historyhasbeenupdatedandexpanded.InChapter2,datahasbeenadded
to better define soils for grouting purposes, and in Chapter 3, correlation
between theory and grouting acceptance is discussed.
Chapter 4 has been greatly expanded to include advances in
knowledge of existing grouts, as well as properties of new materials. More
emphasis is given to the silicates, still the major grout in the United States,
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vi Prefaceto theSecondEdition
and details of the available acrylates (the growing acrylamide replacement)
are given. Many charts and tables have been added.
In Chapter 5, the discussion of flow of grout through soils has been
expanded. In Chapters 6 and 7, sections have been added concerning
instrumentationanditsrelationshipstotheuseofshortgeltimesinthefield.
Chapters 8 through to 12, which deal primarily with various field
applications, have been expanded by the addition of new case histories and
references to other articles.
InChapter13,excerptshavebeenincludedofrecentspecificationsfor
chemical grouts. Chapter 14 has been updated.
Much new material has been added to the appendixes. Microfine
cements are covered in Appendix A. These materials are not chemical
grouts, but they rival the chemical grouts in penetrability and strength.
Setting times, however, are very long. This opens the future to growing use
ofmixturesofchemicalgroutsandmicrofinecementstooptimizethebetter
properties of each.
Other appendixes list a computer program for determination of
optimalgroutholespacing,atestprocedurefordeterminingdesignstrength
of grouted soils, and a glossary of terms.
Reuben H. Karol
Preface to the First Edition
As this book is being written, we are on the threshold of a new era in
chemical grouting. The federal government and many universities have
begun to take serious interest in the engineering applications of chemical
grouts. The research now underway and that planned for the future will go
far in improving the reliability and efficiency of a field grouting project. At
thesame time, concerns overenvironmental pollution andpersonnelhealth
hazardsthreatentoeliminatesomeofthemostversatilechemicalgroutsand
have spurred a search for new safer materials.
IntheUnitedStates,large-scaleuseofcementgroutsbeganattheturn
of the century, when federal agencies began treating dam foundation sites.
The practices and specifications developed for those purposes quickly
became the unofficial grouting standards for virtually all grouting projects
in the United States. In later years this was to prove a deterrent to the
developing chemical grouts because of the tendency to force cement
grouting practices on materials with properties and capabilities vastly
different from cement.
Applicators with previous cement experience (and who didn’t have
some?) insisted on handling chemical grouts as if they were low-viscosity,
expensive cement grouts.
In particular, pumping with long gel times to a pressure refusal,
common practice with cement, is very wasteful and inefficient with
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