Chemical Evolution across Space and Time: From the Big Bang to Prebiotic Chemistry

463 Pages·2008·8.33 MB·English

by  Lori Zaikowski

Chemical Evolution across Space
& Time
About the Cover
The cover art, entitled "Shining" was created by Elizabeth
Zaikowski of San Diego, California. It is illustrative of the man
date theme seen in much of her artwork. Mandala is the Sanskrit
word for circle, and mandalas are a symbolic representation of the
macro and the micro; what lies within and without. The basic
pattern of a circle in the center is common in nature and is seen in
both physics and astronomy. "Shining" evokes a sense of order
arising out of chaos, and embodies the theme of the book in which
complex organization develops following the disarray of the Big
Bang.
Mandala art has been used throughout the world as a
process of self-expression, in the service of personal growth and
spiritual transformation. Elizabeth creates each mandala using a
combination of airbrush and acrylic paints, and by allowing it to
develop in an organic manner, starting from the center and
working outward. Through her art, she strives to create more
balance in our sometimes chaotic world. Expressing the need for
balance in life, her paintings are a reflection of the symmetrical
nature of the universe. You can view more of her work at
http://www.elizabethzaikowski.com.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 981
Chemical Evolution across
Space & Time
From the Big Bang to Prebiotic
Chemistry
Lori Zaikowski, Editor
Dowling College
Jon M. Friedrich, Editor
Fordham University
Sponsored by the
ACS Divisions of Chemical Education, Inc., Geochemistry,
Inc., and Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chemical evolution across space & time: from the Big Bang to prebiotic chemistry /
Lori Zaikowski, Jon M. Friedrich, editors.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 981)
Three day symposium "Chemical evolution I: Chemical change across space & time,"
held at the Spring 2007 American Chemical Society National Meeting in Chicago, IL.
ISBN 978-0-8412-7431-0 (alk. paper)
1. Cosmochemistry—Congresses. 2. Geochemistry—Congresses. III. Molecular
evolution—Congresses. 4. Life—Origin—Congresses. 5. Cells—Evolution—
Congresses
I. Zaikowski, Lori, 1964- II. Friedrich, Jon M. III. American Chemical Society.
Meeting (2007 : Chicago, Ill.)
QB450.C46 2007
523'.02—dc22
2007060562
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Chemical Evolution
Chemical Change Across Space and Time
Edited by
Lori Zaikowski and Jon M. Friedrich
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society Symposium
Spring 2007 ACS National Meeting
Chicago, IL
FORDHAM UNIVERSITY
THE JESUIT UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
Organizers and Sponsors
Symposium Organizers
Lori Zaikowski, Dowling College
Jon M. Friedrich, Fordham University
ACS Sponsoring Division
Chemical Education
ACS Co-sponsoring Divisions
Geochemistry
Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
ACS Division of Chemical Education Program Chair
Cathy Middlecamp, University of Wisconsin, Madison
ACS 233rd Meeting Co-Chairs, Division of Chemical Education
George M. Bodner, Purdue University
Wayne E. Jones, Jr., Binghamton University, SUNY
Special thanks to Cathy Middlecamp and Anna M. Wilson for support

and cooperation throughout the project.
Financial Support
Dowling College
Fordham University
The Meteoritical Society
The National Science Foundation
Table of Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii-xv
Preamble xvii-xviii
Introduction 1

1 The Emergence of Chemical Complexity: An Introduction
Robert M. Hazen 2-13

Part I: Chemical Evolution in Astrophysics
15

2 Chemical Origins: Nuclear Chemistry in the Early Universe
Keith A. Olive 16-38

3 Origin of the Elements: Nucleosynthesis in Stars
Bradley S. Meyer 39-60

4 Circumstellar Chemistry and Dust from Dead Stars in Meteorites
Katharina Lodders 61-79

5 Chemical Evolution in the Interstellar Medium: Feedstock of Solar Systems
Louis J. Allamandola 80-110

6 Identifying Molecules in Space: Exploring Astrochemistry through High-Resolution
Spectroscopy
L. M. Ziurys 111-128

Part II: Geochemical Evolution: Solar System and Earth 129

7 Chemical Diversity and Abundances across the Solar System
John S. Lewis 130-140

8 Photochemistry in the Early Solar System
Robert N. Clayton 141-152

9 Lessons from Meteorites
Michael E. Lipschutz 153-186

10 Chemistry and Composition of Planetary Atmospheres
Laura Schaefer and Bruce Fegley, Jr. 187-207

11 Hafnium—Tungsten Chronometry of Planetary Accretion and Differentiation
Thorsten Kleine 208-230

Part III: Prebiotic Chemistry
231

12 Cosmic Carbon Chemistry
P. Ehrenfreund and M. Spaans 232-245

13 Extraterrestrial Organic Chemistry as Recorded in Carbonaceous Chondrites
Oliver Botta 246-260
14 Earth's Early Atmosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere
Douglas Rumble, III 261-281

15 Prebiotic Organic Synthesis in Neutral Planetary Atmospheres
H. J. Cleaves, J. H. Chalmers, A. Lazcano, S. L. Miller, and J. L. Bada 282-292

16 The RNA World Scenario for the Origins of Life
James P. Ferris and John W. Delano 293-308

Summary: Systems Chemistry Sketches 309

17 Systems Chemistry Sketches
Stuart A. Kauffman 310-324

Part IV: Teaching Chemical Evolution 325

18 Science and the Concept of Evolution: From the Big Bang to the Origin and Evolution of
Life
Lori Zaikowski, Richard T. Wilkens, and Kurt Fisher 326-342

19 Online Tools for Understanding Galactic Chemical Evolution
Allen Parker and Bradley S. Meyer 343-348

20 Spectroscopy and the Cosmos: Applications in the Chemical Sciences
Lori Zaikowski, S. Russell Seidel, and Jon M. Friedrich 349-362

21 Development of Laboratories for Teaching Chemical Principles Using Radio Astronomy
DeWayne T. Halfen, Aldo J. Apponi, and Lucy M. Ziurys 363-377

22 Chemistry of Life: Chemical Evolution as a Theme for Teaching Undergraduate Chemistry
Bhawani Venkataraman 378-388

Afterword
Richard N. Zare 389-390

Glossary 391-397

Indexes 399

Author Index 4 0 1

Subject Index 403-430

Color Figure Inserts C1-C18
Foreword
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