Chemical Elements

796 Pages·2010·26.818 MB·English

by  David E., PH.D. Newton

Chemical Elements
2nd Edition

Chemical Elements
2nd Edition
David E. Newton
Kathleen J. Edgar, Editor
Detroit(cid:129)NewYork(cid:129)SanFrancisco(cid:129)NewHaven,Conn(cid:129)Waterville,Maine(cid:129)London

ChemicalElements,2ndEdition
DavidE.Newton
Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat
GaleCustomerSupport,18008774253.
ProjectEditor:KathleenJ.Edgar Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct,
ManagingEditor:DebraKirby submitallrequestsonlineatwww.cengage.com/permissions.
Furtherpermissionsquestionscanbeemailedto
RightsAcquisitionandManagement: [email protected].
BarbaraMcNeil,JackieJones,and
RobynYoung
Coverphotographs:Beakerimagebyoriginalpunkt,usedunderlicensefromShutterstock.
ImagingandMultimedia:JohnL. com.AllotherphotosbyPhotos.com/GettyImages.
Watkins
Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethereliabilityoftheinformationpresented
Composition:EviAbouElSeoud,Mary
inthispublication,Gale,apartofCengageLearning,doesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthe
BethTrimper datacontainedherein.Galeacceptsnopaymentforlisting;andinclusioninthepublication
Manufacturing:WendyBlurton, ofanyorganization,agency,institution,publication,service,orindividualdoesnotimply
DorothyMaki endorsementoftheeditorsorpublisher.Errorsbroughttotheattentionofthepublisherand
verifiedtothesatisfactionofthepublisherwillbecorrectedinfutureeditions.
ProductManagers:JuliaFurtaw,John
Boyless
ProductDesign:JenniferWahi LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGINGINPUBLICATIONDATA
©2010Gale,CengageLearning Newton,DavidE.
Chemicalelements/DavidE.Newton;KathleenJ.Edgar,editor. 2nded.
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthis p.cm.
workcoveredbythecopyrightherein Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
maybereproduced,transmitted,stored, ISBN13:9781414476087(set)
orusedinanyformorbyanymeans ISBN13:9781414476094(v.1)
graphic,electronic,ormechanical, ISBN13:9781414476100(v.2)
ISBN13:9781414476117(v.3)
includingbutnotlimitedtophoto
[etc.]
copying,recording,scanning,digitizing,
1. Chemicalelements. I. Edgar,KathleenJ. II. Title.
taping,Webdistribution,information QD466.N4642010
networks,orinformationstorageand 546 dc22 2009050931
retrievalsystems,exceptaspermitted
underSection107or108ofthe1976
UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthe Gale
priorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. 27500DrakeRd.
FarmingtonHills,MI,483313535
Thispublicationisacreativeworkfully
protectedbyallapplicablecopyrightlaws,
ISBN13:9781414476087(set) ISBN10:1414476086(set)
aswellasbymisappropriation,trade ISBN13:9781414476094(vol.1) ISBN10:1414476094(vol.1)
secret,unfaircompetition,andother ISBN13:9781414476100(vol.2) ISBN10:1414476108(vol.2)
applicablelaws.Theauthorsandeditors ISBN13:9781414476117(vol.3) ISBN10:1414476116(vol.3)
ofthisworkhaveaddedvaluetothe
Thistitleisalsoavailableasanebook.
underlyingfactualmaterialherein
ISBN13:9781414476124(set) ISBN10:1414476124(set)
throughoneormoreofthefollowing:
ContactyourGalesalesrepresentativefororderinginformation.
uniqueandoriginalselection,coordina
tion,expression,arrangement,and
classificationoftheinformation.
Printed in China
1 2 34 5 6 714 13 12 1110
Main–Group Elements
Atomic number 86 [222] Atomic weight
1
Symbol Rn
I A
Name radon
1 1.00794
1 H 2
II A
hydrogen
3 [6.941] 4 9.012182
2 Li Be Transition Metals
lithium beryllium
1122.98976928 12 24.3050 9
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 VIII B
III B IV B V B VI B VII B
sodium magnesium
d 19 39.0983 20 40.078 21 44.955912 22 47.867 23 50.9415 24 51.9961 25 54.938045 26 55.845 27 58.933195
o
ri 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
e
P
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt
37 85.4678 38 87.62 39 88.90585 40 91.224 41 92.90638 42 95.96 43 [98] 44 101.07 45 102.90550
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium
55132.9054519 56 137.327 57–71 72 178.49 73 180.94788 74 183.84 75 186.207 76 190.23 77 192.217
6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
cesium barium lanthanoids hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
87 [223] 88 [226] 89–103 104 [261]105 [262]106 [266] 107 [264] 108 [277] 109 [268]
†
7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
francium radium actinoids rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium
57 138.90547 58 140.116 59 140.90765 60 144.242 61 [145] 62 150.36
*Lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium
89 [227] 90 232.03806 91 231.03588 92 238.02891 93 [237] 94 [244]
†
Actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium
vi
Main–Group Elements
Color Key
18
alkali metals
alkaline earth metals VIII A
transition metals
inner-transition metals 2 4.002602
metalloids 13 14 15 16 17 He
other metals
other non-metals III A IV A V A VI A VII A helium
halogens
noble gases 5 10.811 6 12.0107 7 14.0067 8 15.9994 9 18.9984032 10 20.1797
under review B C N O F Ne
not yet discovered
boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
13 26.9815386 14 28.085515 30.973762 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948
10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
I B II B
aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
28 58.6934 29 63.546 30 65.38 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.92160 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.798
Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
46 106.42 47 107.8682 48 112.411 49 114.818 50 118.710 51 121.760 52 127.60 53 126.90447 54 131.293
Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
78 195.084 79 196.966569 80 200.59 81 204.3833 82 207.2 83 208.98040 84 [209] 85 [210] 86 [222]
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
110 [271] 111 [272] 112 [285] 113 [284] 114 [289] 115 [288] 116 [293] 117 118 [294]
Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium ununtrium ununquadium ununpentium ununhexium ununseptium ununoctium
Inner–Transition Metals
63 151.964 64 157.25 65 158.92535 66 162.500 67 164.93032 68 167.259 69 168.93421 70 173.054 71 174.9668
Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
95 [243] 96 [247] 97 [247] 98 [251] 99 [252] 100 [257] 101 [258] 102 [259] 103 [262]
Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
vii

Contents
Contents: Elements by Atomic Number xv
Contents: Elements by Family Group xix
Reader’s Guide xxv
Timeline: The Discovery of Elements xxxi
Words to Know xli
Actinium(Ac) 1
Aluminum(Al) 5
Americium (Am) 15
Antimony (Sb) 19
Argon (Ar) 25
Arsenic(As) 31
Astatine (At) 39
Barium (Ba) 43
Berkelium (Bk) 49
Beryllium (Be) 53
Bismuth(Bi) 59
Bohrium (Bh)
See Transfermium elements, volume 3, p. 627
Boron (B) 65
Bromine (Br) 73
Cadmium (Cd) 79
Calcium(Ca) 85
ix