Chemical Ecology of Insects

523 Pages·1984·13.689 MB·English

by  Erich Städler (auth.), William J. Bell, Ring T. Cardé (eds.)

CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
OF INSECTS
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
OF INSECTS
EDITED BY
William J. Bell
Professor ofE ntomology,
Physiology and Cell Biology
University of Kansas
AND
Ring T. Car de
Professor ofE ntomology
Un,versity ofM assachusetts
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
© 1984 William J. Bell and Ring T. Carde
Originally published by Chapman and Hall in 1984
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984
Typeset by Scarborough Typesetting Services
ISBN 978-0-412-23260-2
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Bell, William J.
Chemical ecology of insects.
1. Insects-Ecology
I. Title II. Carde, Ring T.
595.7'05 QL463
ISBN 978-0-412-23260-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-3368-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3368-3
Contents
Preface xiii
List ofc ontributors XV
PERCEPTUAL MECHANISMS
1 Contact Chemoreception 3
Erich Stiidler
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Morphology of sensilla 5
1.3 Methods of investigation 7
1.3.1 Ablation of sensory organs 7
1.3.2 Electrophysiology 7
1.4 Physiology 10
1.4.1 General sensory physiology 10
1.4.2 Contact chemoreceptor perception of environmental
chemicals 11
1.5 Sensory coding - central processing 22
1.6 Evolution of contact chemoreception 25
2 Olfaction 37
Hanna Mustaparta
2.1 Introduction 317
2.2 Morphology 39
2.2.1 Antenna and olfactory sensilla 41
2.2.2 Antennallobe 43
vi Contents
2.3 Electrophysiology 45
2.3.1 Techniques 45
2.3.2 Receptor cell responses 47
2.3.3 Antennallobe responses 60
2.4 Concluding remarks 63
ODOR DISPERSION AND CHEMO-ORIENTATION MECHANISMS
3 Odor Dispersion 73
Joseph S. Elkinton and Ring T. Carde
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Dispersion in still air 75
3.3 Dispersion in the wind 76
3.3.1 Sutton model 76
3.3.2 Gaussian plume models 78
3.3.3 Instantaneous versus time-average dispersion models 80
3.4 Effects of wind speed and air temperature on dispersion 85
3.4.1 Wind speed 85
3.4.2 Air temperature 86
3.5 Deposition and vertical distribution of odors 86
3.6 Conclusion 88
4 Chemo-orientation in Walking Insects 93
William J. Bell
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Classification of orientation mechanisms 93
4.2.1 Information available 94
4.2.2 Information processing 96
4.2.3 Motor output patterns 96
4.2.4 Guidance systems 96
4.3 Indirect chemo-orientation based on internally stored
information 97
4.4 Indirect chemo-orientation based on a second modality 100
4.5 Direct chemo-orientation 104
4.6 Conclusions 106
5 Chemo-orientation in Flying Insects 111
Ring T. Carde
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Orientation in the wind 112
5 .2.1 Appetitive strategy 112
5.2.2 Optomotor response 113
5.2.3 Upwind anemotaxis 114
Contents vii
5 .2.4 Regulation of flight velocity by optomotor cues and
pheromone flux 117
5.2.5 Fine-scale distribution of the stimulus 118
5.2.6 Strategies after loss of the scent 119
5.3 Orientation in still air 120
5.3.1 Dispersion pattern of the stimulus 120
5.3.2 Orientation mechanisms in still air 120
5.4 Conclusion 121
PLANT-HERBIVORE RELATIONSHIPS
6 Finding and Accepting Host Plants 127
James R. Miller and Karen L. Strickler
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Fundamental concepts and definitions 128
6.2.1 Significance of differential peripheral sensitivity and
differential CNS responsiveness 128
6.2.2 Overview of the host-finding and accepting process 129
6.2.3 Perspective on terms 130
6.2.4 Finding 131
6.2.5 Examining 133
6.2.6 Consuming 133
6.2. 7 Clarification on preferring, selecting and accepting 133
6.3 When and why use chemicals in host-plant finding and
accepting 135
6.3.1 Evidence for the involvement of multiple sensory
modalities 135
6.3.2 Relative advantages and disadvantages of using the
different sensory modalities 137
6.4 Examples of the influence of chemicals in host-plant finding
and accepting 139
6.4.1 Finding 139
6.4.2 Examining and consuming 142
6.5 Ecological considerations 146
6.5.1 Trade-offs between suitability and findability 146
6.5.2 Foraging in a patchy environment 148
6.5.3 Caveat 150
6.6 Summary and conclusions 150
7 Host-Plant Suitability 159
J. Mark Scriber
7.1 Introduction 159
viii Contents
7.2 Host-plant suitability 160
7.2.1 Nitrogen 160
7 .2.2 Leaf water 162
7 .2.3 Allelochemics 165
7 .2.4 'Physiological efficiency' model of plant suitability
based upon a leaf water/nitrogen index 171
7.3 Use of the physiological efficiency model: interpretations of
the feeding specialization hypothesis 182
7.3.1 Papilio polyxenes foodplants 183
7.3.2 Papilio g/aucus and tulip trees 184
7.4 Summary 192
PREDATORS, PARASITES AND PREY
8 Parasitoid-Host Relationship 205
S. Bradleigh Vinson
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Host selection process 207
8.2.1 Habitat preference 207
8.2.2 Potential host community location 207
8.2.3 Host location 209
8.2.4 Host examination 209
8.2.5 Ovipositor probing 210
8.2.6 Ovipositor drilling 210
8.2.7 Host oviposition 210
8.3 Sources of parasitoid behavioral chemicals 210
8.3.1 Kairomones 211
8.3.2 Synomones 211
8.3.3 Allelochemics 212
8.3.4 Apneumones 212
8.4 Chemical-physical interaction 212
8.5 Host preference 212
8.6 Host discrimination (marking and epideictic pheromones) 213
8.7 Conditioning or associative learning 214
8.8 Foraging strategies 215
8.9 Host evasion and defense 217
8.10 Parasitoid development process and host suitability 218
8.10.1 Competition 218
8.10.2 Nutritional suitability 219
8.10.3 Host food choice 220
8.10.4 Host immunity 220
8.10.5 Host endocrine balance 221
8.10.6 Host regulation 222
Contents ix
8.10.7 Ovipositing adults 223
8.10.8 Eggs and larvae 223
8.11 Conclusions 224
CHEMICAL PROTECTION
9 Alarm Pheromones and Sociality in Pre-Social Insects 237
L. R. Nault and P. L. Phelan
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Aphids (Aphidae) 237
9.2.1 Aphid aggregation 237
9.2.2 Aphid defensive mechanisms 239
9.2.3 Aphid alarm pheromone 243
9.3 Treehoppers (Membracidae) 246
9.4 Hemiptera 249
9.5 Conclusions 251
10 Warning Coloration and Mimicry 257
James E. Huheey
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 Warning coloration and predator learning 257
10.2.1 Color vision and pigmentation 258
10.2.2 The chemical nature of the deterrents 258
10.2.3 Toxicity versus distastefulness 260
10.2.4 Other attributes of aposematic insects 264
10.2.5 Predation on aposematic butterflies 264
10.2.6 Autotoxicity and its prevention 265
10.3 Mullerian mimicry 266
10.4 Batesian mimicry 267
10.4.1 The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and the
viceroy butterfly, Limenitis archippus archippus 269
10.4.2 A palatability spectrum 270
10.4.3 Frequency of Batesian mimics 271
10.4.4 Experimental tests of Batesian mimicry 273
10.4.5 Non-butterfly Batesian systems 273
10.5 Problems in Batesian and Mullerian systems 274
10.5.1 Mathematical models of mimetic systems 275
10.5.2 Can there be Batesian-Mullerian intermediates? 277
10.6 Modes of mimetic resemblance 282
10.6.1 Acoustic or auditory mimicry 282
10.6.2 Olfactory or odor mimicry 282
10.6.3 Behavioral mimicry 283
10.6.4 Aggressive chemical mimicry 285
x Contents
10.7 Evolutionary aspects of mimetic systems 296
10.7.1 Mullerian evolution 287
10.7.2 Batesian evolution 288
10.7.3 Balanced polymorphism 289
10.8 The future: problems and possible solutions in insect
mimicry 289
CHEMICAL-MEDIATED SPACING
11 Resource Partitioning 301
Ronald J. Prokopy, Bernard D. Roitberg and Anne L. Averill
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 Availability of resources in time and space 302
11.2.1 Habitat structure 302
11.2.2 Age and size 303
11.2.3 Background information 303
11.2.4 Resource experience 303
11.2.5 Resource depression 304
11.3 Foraging for resources 304
11.4 Resource exploitation and competitive interactions 305
11.5 Chemically mediated partitioning of resources 308
11.5.1 Food 308
11.5.2 Mating territories and mates 310
11.5 .3 Egg-laying sites 312
11.5.4 Refugia 316
11.6 Stability of resource-partitioning chemical stimuli 318
11.6.1 Genetically based intraspecific variation 319
11.6.2 Threshold modification based on physiological
state 319
11.6.3 Threshold modification over time 319
11.6.4 Learning as a factor in host discrimination 319
11.7 Conclusions 320
12 Aggregation in Bark Beetles 331
M. C. Birch
12.1 Introduction 331
12.2 Selection of host material 332
12.3 Pheromone production 334
12.4 Aggregation and its termination 341
12.5 Interspecific interactions 343
12.6 Host selection paradigm 346