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Chemical Ecology of Insects PDF

523 Pages·1984·13.689 MB·English
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CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF INSECTS CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF INSECTS EDITED BY William J. Bell Professor ofE ntomology, Physiology and Cell Biology University of Kansas AND Ring T. Car de Professor ofE ntomology Un,versity ofM assachusetts SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. © 1984 William J. Bell and Ring T. Carde Originally published by Chapman and Hall in 1984 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 Typeset by Scarborough Typesetting Services ISBN 978-0-412-23260-2 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bell, William J. Chemical ecology of insects. 1. Insects-Ecology I. Title II. Carde, Ring T. 595.7'05 QL463 ISBN 978-0-412-23260-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-3368-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3368-3 Contents Preface xiii List ofc ontributors XV PERCEPTUAL MECHANISMS 1 Contact Chemoreception 3 Erich Stiidler 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Morphology of sensilla 5 1.3 Methods of investigation 7 1.3.1 Ablation of sensory organs 7 1.3.2 Electrophysiology 7 1.4 Physiology 10 1.4.1 General sensory physiology 10 1.4.2 Contact chemoreceptor perception of environmental chemicals 11 1.5 Sensory coding - central processing 22 1.6 Evolution of contact chemoreception 25 2 Olfaction 37 Hanna Mustaparta 2.1 Introduction 317 2.2 Morphology 39 2.2.1 Antenna and olfactory sensilla 41 2.2.2 Antennallobe 43 vi Contents 2.3 Electrophysiology 45 2.3.1 Techniques 45 2.3.2 Receptor cell responses 47 2.3.3 Antennallobe responses 60 2.4 Concluding remarks 63 ODOR DISPERSION AND CHEMO-ORIENTATION MECHANISMS 3 Odor Dispersion 73 Joseph S. Elkinton and Ring T. Carde 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Dispersion in still air 75 3.3 Dispersion in the wind 76 3.3.1 Sutton model 76 3.3.2 Gaussian plume models 78 3.3.3 Instantaneous versus time-average dispersion models 80 3.4 Effects of wind speed and air temperature on dispersion 85 3.4.1 Wind speed 85 3.4.2 Air temperature 86 3.5 Deposition and vertical distribution of odors 86 3.6 Conclusion 88 4 Chemo-orientation in Walking Insects 93 William J. Bell 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Classification of orientation mechanisms 93 4.2.1 Information available 94 4.2.2 Information processing 96 4.2.3 Motor output patterns 96 4.2.4 Guidance systems 96 4.3 Indirect chemo-orientation based on internally stored information 97 4.4 Indirect chemo-orientation based on a second modality 100 4.5 Direct chemo-orientation 104 4.6 Conclusions 106 5 Chemo-orientation in Flying Insects 111 Ring T. Carde 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Orientation in the wind 112 5 .2.1 Appetitive strategy 112 5.2.2 Optomotor response 113 5.2.3 Upwind anemotaxis 114 Contents vii 5 .2.4 Regulation of flight velocity by optomotor cues and pheromone flux 117 5.2.5 Fine-scale distribution of the stimulus 118 5.2.6 Strategies after loss of the scent 119 5.3 Orientation in still air 120 5.3.1 Dispersion pattern of the stimulus 120 5.3.2 Orientation mechanisms in still air 120 5.4 Conclusion 121 PLANT-HERBIVORE RELATIONSHIPS 6 Finding and Accepting Host Plants 127 James R. Miller and Karen L. Strickler 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Fundamental concepts and definitions 128 6.2.1 Significance of differential peripheral sensitivity and differential CNS responsiveness 128 6.2.2 Overview of the host-finding and accepting process 129 6.2.3 Perspective on terms 130 6.2.4 Finding 131 6.2.5 Examining 133 6.2.6 Consuming 133 6.2. 7 Clarification on preferring, selecting and accepting 133 6.3 When and why use chemicals in host-plant finding and accepting 135 6.3.1 Evidence for the involvement of multiple sensory modalities 135 6.3.2 Relative advantages and disadvantages of using the different sensory modalities 137 6.4 Examples of the influence of chemicals in host-plant finding and accepting 139 6.4.1 Finding 139 6.4.2 Examining and consuming 142 6.5 Ecological considerations 146 6.5.1 Trade-offs between suitability and findability 146 6.5.2 Foraging in a patchy environment 148 6.5.3 Caveat 150 6.6 Summary and conclusions 150 7 Host-Plant Suitability 159 J. Mark Scriber 7.1 Introduction 159 viii Contents 7.2 Host-plant suitability 160 7.2.1 Nitrogen 160 7 .2.2 Leaf water 162 7 .2.3 Allelochemics 165 7 .2.4 'Physiological efficiency' model of plant suitability based upon a leaf water/nitrogen index 171 7.3 Use of the physiological efficiency model: interpretations of the feeding specialization hypothesis 182 7.3.1 Papilio polyxenes foodplants 183 7.3.2 Papilio g/aucus and tulip trees 184 7.4 Summary 192 PREDATORS, PARASITES AND PREY 8 Parasitoid-Host Relationship 205 S. Bradleigh Vinson 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Host selection process 207 8.2.1 Habitat preference 207 8.2.2 Potential host community location 207 8.2.3 Host location 209 8.2.4 Host examination 209 8.2.5 Ovipositor probing 210 8.2.6 Ovipositor drilling 210 8.2.7 Host oviposition 210 8.3 Sources of parasitoid behavioral chemicals 210 8.3.1 Kairomones 211 8.3.2 Synomones 211 8.3.3 Allelochemics 212 8.3.4 Apneumones 212 8.4 Chemical-physical interaction 212 8.5 Host preference 212 8.6 Host discrimination (marking and epideictic pheromones) 213 8.7 Conditioning or associative learning 214 8.8 Foraging strategies 215 8.9 Host evasion and defense 217 8.10 Parasitoid development process and host suitability 218 8.10.1 Competition 218 8.10.2 Nutritional suitability 219 8.10.3 Host food choice 220 8.10.4 Host immunity 220 8.10.5 Host endocrine balance 221 8.10.6 Host regulation 222 Contents ix 8.10.7 Ovipositing adults 223 8.10.8 Eggs and larvae 223 8.11 Conclusions 224 CHEMICAL PROTECTION 9 Alarm Pheromones and Sociality in Pre-Social Insects 237 L. R. Nault and P. L. Phelan 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Aphids (Aphidae) 237 9.2.1 Aphid aggregation 237 9.2.2 Aphid defensive mechanisms 239 9.2.3 Aphid alarm pheromone 243 9.3 Treehoppers (Membracidae) 246 9.4 Hemiptera 249 9.5 Conclusions 251 10 Warning Coloration and Mimicry 257 James E. Huheey 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Warning coloration and predator learning 257 10.2.1 Color vision and pigmentation 258 10.2.2 The chemical nature of the deterrents 258 10.2.3 Toxicity versus distastefulness 260 10.2.4 Other attributes of aposematic insects 264 10.2.5 Predation on aposematic butterflies 264 10.2.6 Autotoxicity and its prevention 265 10.3 Mullerian mimicry 266 10.4 Batesian mimicry 267 10.4.1 The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and the viceroy butterfly, Limenitis archippus archippus 269 10.4.2 A palatability spectrum 270 10.4.3 Frequency of Batesian mimics 271 10.4.4 Experimental tests of Batesian mimicry 273 10.4.5 Non-butterfly Batesian systems 273 10.5 Problems in Batesian and Mullerian systems 274 10.5.1 Mathematical models of mimetic systems 275 10.5.2 Can there be Batesian-Mullerian intermediates? 277 10.6 Modes of mimetic resemblance 282 10.6.1 Acoustic or auditory mimicry 282 10.6.2 Olfactory or odor mimicry 282 10.6.3 Behavioral mimicry 283 10.6.4 Aggressive chemical mimicry 285 x Contents 10.7 Evolutionary aspects of mimetic systems 296 10.7.1 Mullerian evolution 287 10.7.2 Batesian evolution 288 10.7.3 Balanced polymorphism 289 10.8 The future: problems and possible solutions in insect mimicry 289 CHEMICAL-MEDIATED SPACING 11 Resource Partitioning 301 Ronald J. Prokopy, Bernard D. Roitberg and Anne L. Averill 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Availability of resources in time and space 302 11.2.1 Habitat structure 302 11.2.2 Age and size 303 11.2.3 Background information 303 11.2.4 Resource experience 303 11.2.5 Resource depression 304 11.3 Foraging for resources 304 11.4 Resource exploitation and competitive interactions 305 11.5 Chemically mediated partitioning of resources 308 11.5.1 Food 308 11.5.2 Mating territories and mates 310 11.5 .3 Egg-laying sites 312 11.5.4 Refugia 316 11.6 Stability of resource-partitioning chemical stimuli 318 11.6.1 Genetically based intraspecific variation 319 11.6.2 Threshold modification based on physiological state 319 11.6.3 Threshold modification over time 319 11.6.4 Learning as a factor in host discrimination 319 11.7 Conclusions 320 12 Aggregation in Bark Beetles 331 M. C. Birch 12.1 Introduction 331 12.2 Selection of host material 332 12.3 Pheromone production 334 12.4 Aggregation and its termination 341 12.5 Interspecific interactions 343 12.6 Host selection paradigm 346

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