Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Maya nut

128 Pages·2016·8.24 MB·English

Clemson University
TigerPrints
All Theses Theses
12-2010
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties
of Maya nut (Brosimum alicastrum)
Hatice kubra Tokpunar
Clemson University, [email protected]
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Tokpunar, Hatice kubra, "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Maya nut (Brosimum alicastrum)" (2010).All Theses.
991.
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF
MAYA NUT (Brosimum alicastrum)

A Thesis
Presented to
the Graduate School of
Clemson University

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science

by
Hatice Kubra Tokpunar
December 2010

Accepted by:
Dr. Feng Chen, Committee Chair
Dr. Haibo Liu
Dr. Xi Wang
ABSTRACT
Maya nut was investigated in term of its moisture, ash content, antioxidant
activities, phenolic components by high pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet
detector (HPLC-UV) and fatty acid composition by gas chromatography-flame ionization
detector (GC-FID). The results showed that Maya nut was mainly composed of 55.06%
linoleic acid (C18:2 n6), 27.2% palmitic acid (C16:0), 6.26% stearic acid (C18:0), 9.9%
linolenic acid (C18:3 n3), and 3.36% Cis-11-Eicosenoic (C20:1). Maya nut possesses a
higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (linoleic and linolenic acid), but
lower content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) than canola oil and olive oil. The
antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of the methanolic Maya nut extract and
other commercially available nuts including walnut, almond, and peanut were determined
and compared by three different in vitro antioxidative assays, i.e., DPPH* free radical
scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay, and ABTS free
radical scavenging assay. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS·⁺ radical
quenching activity of the Maya nut extract were 83.35% and 92.55%, respectively, which
were higher than walnut, almond, peanut and commercial antioxidant BHT. In addition,
FRAP value of the Maya nut extract was 8.08 mmol Fe2+/100 g sample, which was
higher than that of peanut and almond, but lower than that of walnut. The TPC of Maya
nut was 24.67 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of sample, which were 3, 6, and 28
times higher than that of walnut, peanut, almond. Furthermore, free phenolic acids in the
Maya nut were analyzed by HPLC. 3, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (45 mg/kg), gallic acid
(27.06 mg/kg), vanillic acid (21.15 mg/kg), and caffeic acid (6.5 mg/kg) were found after
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the acidic hydrolysis. After the alkaline treatment and the second acidic hydrolysis, 3,4
hydroxybenzoic acid (342.2 mg/kg), vanillic acid (103.9 mg/kg), caffeic acid (17.1
mg/kg), p-coumaric acid (13.5 mg/kg), epicatechin (53 mg/kg), and sinapic acid (8.16
mg/kg) were detected. These results demonstrated that Maya nut is rich in bioactive
phytophenolics that results in high antioxidant activities; therefore, Maya nut is suitable
to be made into health-benefiting nutraceuticals.

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DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this work to my husband, Ufuk Ozer, my parents, Hacer
Tokpunar, Mevlut Tokpunar, my lovely sisters, Betul Tokpunar and Sumeyra Zeynep
Tokpunar, my brother, Seyit Ali Tokpunar, with great thanks, love, and pride.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank my major advisor, Dr. Feng Chen for providing me the
opportunity to work with him and for providing me the encouraging environment, support,
guidance, and trust throughout the course of my master program.
As well, I would like to appreciate my committee members Dr. Xi Wang
(Department of Genetics and Biochemistry), and Dr. Haibo Liu (Department of
Environmental Horticulture) for their helpful assistance and advice, especially during the
writing process.
I also would like to thank Mrs. Elizabeth S. Halpin, Dr. Angela Fraser, and all staffs
and faculties of Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition for their friendship and
help. Also, special thanks to my colleagues, Mrs. Yin Juanjuan and Mrs. You Qi for their
friendship and technical help.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... x

CHAPTER

I. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 1

1.1 History of Maya nut. .......................................................................... 1
1.2 Nutritional Properties of Maya nut .................................................... 2
1.3 Comparison of Chemical Composition of Nuts ................................. 3
1.3.1 Moisture .................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Ash ............................................................................................ 3
1.3.3 Protein ....................................................................................... 3
1.3.4 Lipid .......................................................................................... 4
1.3.5 Fatty Acid Composition ............................................................ 4
1.4 Mechanism of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress ............................. 5
1.5 Phenolics and Antioxidants................................................................ 8
1.6 Sample Preparation and Extraction of Phenolic Compounds .......... 11
1.6.1 Hydrolysis of Phenolic Acids ................................................. 12
1.6.2 Extraction ................................................................................ 13
1.6.2.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method .................................. 15
1.6.2.2 Solid-Phase Extraction Method ..................................... 16
1.6.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction ........................................ 17
1.7 Prevention of Cancer........................................................................ 19
1.8 Methods for Measuring Antioxidant Capacity ................................ 21
1.8.1 Diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)
Free Radical Scavenging Assay ............................................ 22

vi
Table of Contents (Continued)
Page

1.8.2 Free Radical Scavenging by the Use of
the ABTS Radical .................................................................. 23
1.8.3 Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) ............... 23
1.8.4 Total Phenolic Content with Folin- Ciocalteu Reducing
Capacity Assay (FC) .............................................................. 24
1.9 Significance of the Project ............................................................... 25
1.10 Figures and Tables ......................................................................... 26
1.11 References ...................................................................................... 37

II. ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF
MAYA NUT, WALNUT, PEANUT, AND ALMOND ........................ 44

Abstract .................................................................................................. 44
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 46
2.2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................... 48
2.2.1 Materials and Chemicals ......................................................... 48
2.2.2 Preparation of Defatted Samples ............................................ 49
2.2.3 Extraction of Crude Phenolics ................................................ 49
2.2.4 Determination of Total Phenolic Content ............................... 50
2.2.5 Determination of DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
and Antioxidant Capacity ...................................................... 50
2.2.6 Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) Assay ........... 51
2.2.7 Free Radical Scavenging by the Use of the ABTS Radical .... 52
2.2.8 Proximate Analyses ................................................................ 53
2.2.9 Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) ................ 54
2.2.10 Analysis of Methyl Esters with GC ...................................... 55
2.2.11 Statistical Analyses ............................................................... 55
2.3 Results and Discussion .................................................................... 56
2.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 64
2.5 Figures and Tables ........................................................................... 67
2.6 References ........................................................................................ 78

III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOACTIVITIES OF
MAYA NUT .......................................................................................... 82

Abstract .................................................................................................. 82
3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 83
3.2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................... 84
3.2.1 Materials and Chemicals ......................................................... 84
3.2.2 Acidic Hydrolysis ................................................................... 84
3.2.3 Alkaline Hydrolysis ................................................................ 85
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Table of Contents (Continued)
Page

3.2.4 The Second Acid Hydrolysis .................................................. 85
3.2.5 HPLC Analysis ....................................................................... 86
3.2.6 Statistical Analyses ................................................................. 87
3.3 Results and Discussion .................................................................... 87
3.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 97
3.5 Figures and Tables ........................................................................... 99
3.6 References. ..................................................................................... 105

IV. SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 109

V. APPENDICES ........................................................................................... 111
A. A Letter of Authority ...................................................................... 112
B. A Letter of Authority....................................................................... 115

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.1 The comparison of nutrients of Juglands regia,
Prunus dulcis, and Arachis hypogaea .................................................... 30

1.2 The frameworks of the hydroxybenzoic acids ............................................. 31

1.3 The frameworks of the hydroxycinnamic acids ........................................... 32

1.4 In vitro Antioxidant capacity measurement assays ...................................... 34

2.1 The proximate compositions of walnut, almond, peanut, and Maya nut ..... 67

2.2 Fatty acid composition of Maya nut, olive oil and canola oil ...................... 68

2.3 Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant
Power (FRAP) of Maya nut, walnut, almond and peanut extracts ........ 69

3.1 Recoveries of Phenolic Acids after Different Hydrolysis Conditions at
280 nm (mg per kg of Maya nut) ........................................................... 99

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