Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence PDF
Preview Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence
Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence Chemical And Biological Aspects Of Drug Dependence Editors: S.J. Mulé, Ph.D., Chief New York State Narcotic Addiction Control Commission Testing and Research Laboratory Brooklyn, New York Henry Brill, M.D., Director Pilgrim State Hospital West Brentwood, New York published by: ffirgraras Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 18901 CRAN WOOD PARKWAY CLEVELAND, OHIO 44128 CRCPress Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2019 by CRC Press © 1972 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-0-367-20220-0 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-429-26062-9 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com CONTRIBUTORS Dr. R. Aston Dr. Max Fink Department of Pharmacology & Anesthesiology New York Medical College Wayne Medical School 5 East 102nd Street Detroit, Michigan New York, New York 10029 Dr. M. M. Baden Dr. H. F. Fraser New York University 1131 Merrick Drive School of Medicine Merrick Place New York, New York 10016 Lexington, Kentucky 40502 Dr. Henry Brill Dr. Robert George Pilgrim State Hospital Department of Pharmacology P.O. Box 22 University of California West Brentwood, New York 11717 Los Angeles, California 90024 Dr. S. T. Christian Dr. M. Ginsburg NIMH Addiction Research Center Department of Pharmacology P.O. Box 2000 Chelsea College of Science & Technology Lexington, Kentucky 40507 Manresa Road London, S. W. 3, England Dr. Doris H. Clouet New York State Dr. S. Hashimoto NACC Testing & Research Laboratory N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute 80 Hanson Place 722 West 168th Street Brooklyn, New York 11217 New York, New York 10032 Dr. B. M. Cox Dr. M. Helpern Department of Pharmacology New York University Chelsea College of Science & Technology School of Medicine Manresa Road New York, New York 10016 London, S. W. 3, England Dr. Carl C. Hug, Jr. Dr. W. L. Dewey Dept. of Anesthesiology & Pharmacology Department of Pharmacology Emory University, School of Medicine University of North Carolina 69 Butler Street, S. E. School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30303 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 Dr. Arthur Jacobson Dr. Seymour Ehrenpreis Section on Medicinal Chemistry New York State Research Institute National Institutes of Health for Ne uro chemistry & Drug Addiction Bldg. 4, Room 136 Ward's Island, New York 10035 Bethesda, Maryland 22014 Mr. B. Eisenberg Dr. Reese T. Jones Department of Neuropathology The Langley Porter Neuropsychiatrie N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute Institute 722 West 168th Street 401 Parnassus Avenue New York, New York 10032 San Francisco, California 94122 Dr. H. Kalter Dr. Maurice H. Seevers Department of Pediatrics Department of Pharmacology Childrens Hospital Research Foundation University of Michigan Elland Avenue & Bethesda School of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Dr. M. Kaufman Dr. Alexander T. Shulgin N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute 1483 Shulgin Road 722 West 168th Street Lafayette, California 94549 New York, New York 10032 Dr. Eric J. Simon Dr. Charles S. Lieber New York University School of Medicine Mt. Sinai School of Medicine (CUNY) New York, New York 10016 Section of Liver Disease & Nutrition Veterans Administration Hospital Dr. Charles B. Smith 130 West Kingsbridge Road Department of Pharmacology Bronx, New York 10468 University of Michigan School of Medicine Mr. J. C. Liu Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Department of Neuropathology N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute Dr. Solomon H. Snyder 722 West 168th Street Department of Pharmacology New York, New York 10032 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Dr. Peter Lomax Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Pharmacology University of California Dr. Sheldon Stolman Los Angeles, California, 90024 Department of Pharmacology Michigan State University Dr. Anand L. Misra East Lansing, Michigan 48823 New York State NACC Testing & Research Laboratory Dr. D. N. Teller 80 Hanson Place New York State Research Institute Brooklyn, New York 11217 for Neurochemistry & Drug Addiction Ward's Island, New York 10035 Dr. S. J. Mule, Chief New York State NACC Dr. E. O'F. Walsh Testing & Research Laboratory Department of Biochemistry 80 Hanson Place University of Hong Kong Brooklyn, New York 11217 Hong Kong Dr. Leon Roizin Dr. Abraham Wilker Psychiatric Research Center for Advanced Study N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute in the Behavioral Sciences 722 West 168th Street 202 Junipero Serra Blvd. New York, New York 10032 Stanford, California 94305 PREFACE Drug dependence has reached epidemic proportions affecting all strata of our society. Since the etiology of drug dependence is complex and largely unknown, its treatment and prevention have proceeded on a "trial and error" basis with mainly disappointing results. A major alternative would be a task force attack at the cellular level to uncover the molecular basis for the development of drug dependence. Such knowledge would lead to rational, effective, and successful programs, to cure and/or prevent drug dependence. It is the purpose, indeed the objective, of this monograph to provide the scientist with a reference text that provides the basic knowledge and background information that currently defines the chemical and biological basis of drug dependence. The approach being a logical extension of the purpose, the nature of drug dependence and drug abuse must first be clearly defined and characterized. Since many drugs of various chemical formulations induce physical and/or psychic dependence, the characteristics of drug dependence of each pharmacological class of drugs must be described. The importance of quantitative screening tests and procedures for determining drug dependence in man and in animals and the abuse potential of the drug must be understood. Certainly a drug may be defined by its chemical structure as well as by the altered function that follows an interaction with the endogenous receptor. Therefore, the chemical characteristics of such a seemingly disparate group of compounds must be defined and, where possible, correlated with their capacity to induce drug dependence. This relationship may further be viewed through similarities in receptor activity, disposition, and biotransformation as well as detection and identification of these drugs in the biological medium. The foregoing knowledge now allows the presentation of the touchstone of the text, i.e., the theories related to tolerance development and physical dependence. Since these drugs act primarily within the central nervous system, it seemed most logical to include in this section the electrophysiology, neuropathology, teratology, embryolethality, and mutagenicity of these compounds. Finally, full attention to biochemical mechanisms associated with such biological strata as enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, neurohumors, lipids, and hormones was explained in relationship to drug dependence. The monograph appropriately ends with a bonus providing insight into theoretical biochemical mechanisms related to physical and/or psychic dependence. The unusually broad nature of the subject matter demanded the expertise that could only be provided through multiple authorship. The group of "super" contributors brought such outstanding backgrounds, knowledge, and experience to bear on their specific chapters that the editorial task was practically reduced to mere proofreading. Of course, regardless of the effort, it is impossible in a multiauthored text to be fully aware of omitted data or to eliminate all duplication of information. Special acknowledgment is made to Ms. Mary Gatsoulis and Earleen Ryan for cheerfully and effectively attending to the mundane tasks of record keeping, letter and manuscript typing, filing, and copying. The absence of such effective assistance certainly would have prevented the final publication of this book. S. J. Mulé H. Brill New York, N. Y. THE EDITORS S. J. Mulé, Ph.D., is Chief of the New York State Narcotic Addiction Control Commission Testing and Research Laboratory, New York. Dr. Mulé received his B.A. degree in Chemistry in 1954 from College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio; the M.S. degree in Biochemistry and Physiology in 1955 from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and the Ph.D. degree in Pharmacology in 1961 from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dr. Mulé subsequently received postdoctoral training in the Departments of Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology at the University of Wisconsin. He continued his research at the Addiction Research Center of the National Institute of Mental Health, Lexington, Kentucky. His present research concerns the disposition and biotransformation of narcotic analgesics, the detection and identification of drugs subject to abuse, and the biochemical mechanisms of drug dependence. Dr. Mulé has published extensively in the scientific literature and is a member of pharmacological, chemical, and forensic societies. Henry Brill, M.D., is Director, Pilgrim State Hospital, West Brentwood, Long Island, New York. Dr. Brill is a graduate of Yale College and Yale School of Medicine. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. As First Deputy Commissioner of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, Dr. Brill was instrumental in developing the state's narcotic addiction program and the alcoholic program from 1954 to 1964. He was formerly Vice Chairman of the New York State Narcotic Addiction Control Commission. Since 1971 Dr. Brill has been a member of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. Dr. Brill is a diplomate or member of numerous professional societies, among which is the Expert Panel of Drug Dependence of the WHO. He has authored some 50 papers on drug dependence.
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