Characterization of Algerian honeys by palynological and - Hal PDF
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Characterization of Algerian honeys by palynological and physico-chemical methods Chahra Makhloufi, Jacob D. Kerkvliet, Giancarlo Ricciardelli d’Albore, Ali Choukri, Riad Samar To cite this version: Chahra Makhloufi, Jacob D. Kerkvliet, Giancarlo Ricciardelli d’Albore, Ali Choukri, Riad Samar. Characterization of Algerian honeys by palynological and physico-chemical methods. Apidologie, 2010, 41 (5), 10.1051/apido/2010002. hal-00892079 HAL Id: hal-00892079 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00892079 Submitted on 1 Jan 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. 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Apidologie41(2010)509–521 Availableonlineat: (cid:2)c INRA/DIB-AGIB/EDPSciences,2010 www.apidologie.org DOI:10.1051/apido/2010002 Original article Characterization of Algerian honeys by palynological and physico-chemical methods* akhloufi erkvliet icciardelli albore ChahraM 1,JacobD.K 2,GiancarloR D’ 3, houkri amar AliC 4,RiadS 5 1UniversitéibnKhaldounTiaret,FacultédesSciencesAgronomiquesetVétérinaires,14000Tiaret,Algeria 2NetherlandsExpertiseCentreforTropicalApiculturalResources,c/oTwickelstraat9,7651JHTubbergen, TheNetherlands 3DipartimentodiScienzeAgrariaUniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia,BorgoXXGiugno,06121Perugia,Italy 4CentreUniversitairedeDjelfa.Institutd’Agropastoralisme,17000Djelfa,Algeria 510routedeSougueur,14000Tiaret,Algeria Received4July2009–Revised21October2009–Accepted22October2009 Abstract–Sixty-sixAlgerianhoneysweresampledforinvestigationontheirpalynologicalandphysico- chemical properties. Results showed that the total number of pollen grains in 10 g honey ranged from 2.1×103 to1.12×106.Intotal124pollenspecieswereidentifiedandthemainpollenformswereEuca- lyptusspp.,Oleaeuropaea,Papaverrhoeas,Pimpinellaanisum,Carduussp.andHedysarumcoronarium. UnifloraleucalypthoneyscouldbedistinguishedfromotherhoneysfromthewesternMediterraneanregion by the presence of P. rhoeas and Centaurea species. Physico-chemical analyses included moisture con- tent,pH,electricalconductivity,diastase,invertase,HMFand11sugars.Oftheseparameterstheelectrical conductivitywassomewhatelevatedcomparedtoEuropeanhoneys,sucrosecontentwasbelow4.3%and onlysmallamountsofdi-andtrisaccharideswerepresent.Ingeneralthesampleswerefoundtomeetthe requirementsoftheinternationalhoneystandards. Algeria/electricalconductivity/honey/melissopalynology/sugar 1. INTRODUCTION trees (Citrus spp.),sunflower (Helianthusan- nuus),clover(Trifoliumspecies),Frenchhon- Algeria is the second largest country on eysuckle(Hedysarumcoronarium),Rosemary the African continent. It has an area of about (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Thyme (Thymus 2.4millionkm2withcirca33.3millioninhab- sp.), provide nectar and pollen for the bees. itants.Asthecountryisintersectedinthenorth Also natural forests, including pine trees, are bytheTellAtlasmountains,whichparallelthe goodsourcesforthebeesanditispossibleto Mediterranean coast, and by the Saharan At- obtain honey all year round (Hussein, 2000; las in the south three different environmental RicciardelliD’Albore,1998). and geologic conditions exist. The Tell atlas The centre part of the country consists of region enjoys a Mediterranean climate in the high plateaus with plains and some agricul- coastalareasandisidealforbeekeeping.The tureandinthesouthweencounteradesertcli- mainhoneyflowisduringApril,Mayandthe mate.HereintheSaharandesert–constituting first part of June and many trees, cultivated 80%ofthecountryarea–thedatepalmiscul- crops and wild plants, like eucalypt (Euca- tivated but the conditions for beekeeping are lyptuscamaldulensisandE.globulus),orange unfavourable(Nedjraoui,1981,2001;Hadjiat, Correspondingauthor:J.D.Kerkvliet, 1997). In the north part of the country bee- [email protected] keeping playsan importantrole. There is mi- *Manuscripteditor:StanSchneider gratory beekeepingfor honey production,but ArticlepublishedbyEDPSciences 510 C.Makhloufietal. bees are usually not transported for pollina- (Chefrouretal.,2007)thequalityof13honeys tion.Itisestimatedthattheyearlyhoneypro- from northeast Algeria was evaluated. How- duction reaches 800 tonnes (Hussein, 2000). ever only a limited numberof honeysamples Good quality honey is highly appreciated by wereanalyzedinthesestudies. theconsumerbutduetolimitedknowledgeby In order to contribute to the knowledge of beekeepers a high standard product is not al- thepropertiesofmultifloralandunifloralhon- waysachieved. eys from Algeria in more detail we carried Ingeneralthemainphysico-chemicalqual- out a survey on 66 honey samples originat- ity criteria for honey are moisture, HMF and ing from the main beekeeping areas, subdi- enzymecontent.Intheinternationalstandards vided in four regions east, centre, west and valuesfortheseandotherparametersarespec- south.Itwas ouraim to characterizethe hon- ified(CodexAlimentariusCommission,2001; eys from these four regions by their paly- European Commission, 2002; IHC website). nologicaland physico-chemicalproperties,to The moisture content determines the capabil- compare the data with those from other hon- ity of the product to remain stable and to re- eys from the western Mediterranean area and sistspoilagebyyeastfermentation.Maximum to check if the requirements of the interna- valueis set at20%by weight.As qualitytest tional standards (Codex Alimentarius Com- for freshness and marker for overheating the mission, 2001; European Commission, 2002; activityoftheenzymediastase(α-amylase)is IHC website) are met. Palynologicalanalysis measured(minimum8units)andadditionally was done in combination with moisture con- in some countries the invertase activity. The tent,pH,electricalconductivity,diastasenum- amount of HMF, which stands for 5-hydroxy ber, invertase number, hydroxymethylfurfural methylfurfural,adegradationproductoffruc- (HMF) and the sugar spectrum as additional tose, is about3 mg/kgforfresh and unheated criteria. honey but increases during storage, heating The official harmonisedmethods of analy- andprocessing.HMF-contentisaworldwide ses of the International Honey Commission, usedimportantqualitycriterionandthemaxi- as published in an extra issue of Apidologie mumquantityallowedis40mg/kg. (Bogdanovetal.,1997),werefollowedinthis To verify the botanical origin the determi- study.Recentlythese(updated)methodswere nationoftheelectricalconductivityandmelis- made availablethroughthe website of the In- sopalynology (pollen analysis) are used in ternational (former: European) Honey Com- controllaboratory.Besidesthesugarspectrum mission(IHCwebsite). cangiveinformationonthistopic. Alsosomeotherqualitycriteriaweredeter- There are a few publications concerning mined but their results and compliance with the pollen spectrum of multifloral and uni- the international standards were published floral honeys produced in Algeria. In the elsewhere(Makhloufietal.,2007).Uptonow past Louveaux and Abed (1984) performed no study was known to the authors that fo- anextensivemelissopalynologicalresearchon cussedonthemelissopalynologicalproperties honey samples from north Africa, includ- as well as on the sugarspectrum and enzyme ing 59 samples from mainly northern Alge- activityofhoneysharvestedinAlgeria. riaandRicciardelliD’Albore(1998)mentions the main pollen types in the Mediterranean 2. MATERIALANDMETHODS area of Algeria. An undated study published on internet(Chefrourand Tahar) reportedthe 2.1. Honeysamples pollen found in six honey samples collected in east Algeria. Recently two studies, de- Duringtheyears2003–2005,66honeysamples scribing the melissopalynological properties (500 g each), produced mainly in the Tell Atlas together with some physico-chemical quality region of Algeria, were collected on 22 locations. parameterswerepublished.Oneofthesecon- Theyoriginateddirectlyfrombeekeepers(59sam- cernedaresearchinwhich11honeyswerein- ples) or fromapicultural corporations (seven sam- volved(Ouchemoukhetal.,2007);intheother ples). Twentysamples camefrom thewest part of CharacterizationofAlgerianhoneys 511 N FRANCE ITALY includes honeys with normal pollen representativ- ity (20 × 103−100 × 103), class III honeys with over-represented pollen (100 × 103−500 × 103), class IV with strongly over-represented pollen SPAIN (500 × 103−106) and class V includes pressed honeys(PG/10g >106pollen). Qualitative melissopalynological analysis – the MEDITERRANEAN SEA typesofpollengrainswiththeirpercentagesinthe pollensediment–wascarriedoutbydissolvingthe CCO 7 1 634 5124 10218912111316 18117915 20 SIA hluotnioenyainnddmiluotuenstuinlpghtuhreicseadciimd,ecnetnitnriKfuagisinegr’sthGelysoc-- O I erol GelatineTM (glycerine jelly). For each sample R N O U 300 pollen were counted and their relative fre- M 22 T quency classes were determined, using the terms ALGERIA ‘very frequent’ (for pollen constituting > 45% of thetotal),‘frequent’(16–45%),‘rare’(3–15%)and ‘sporadic’ (< 3%). According to the international 1. Sidi Bel Abbes 12. Boumerdes 2. Tiaret 13. Tizi Ouzou melissopalynological nomenclature pollen occur- 3. Mascara 14. Chlef ring‘veryfrequent’,resp.‘frequent’arecalledpre- 4. Mostagane 15. Constantine 5. Relizane 16. Jijel dominant,resp.secondarypollen;pollenoccurring 6. Saida 17. Mila 7. Tlemcen 18. Sétif rareandsporadicarecalledimportantminorpollen 8. Alger 19. Skikda and minor pollen (Louveaux et al., 1978). For all 9. Blida 20. Tébessa 10. Khemis Miliana 21. Djelfa pollenspeciesinthe66samplestheindividualoc- 11. Médéa 22. Ghardaia currence was calculated and expressed aspercent- Figure 1. Map of the geographical origin of the age of the total studied samples in which the de- honeysamples. termined pollen type was found. Identification of pollen was done by use of microphotographs and by preparing a reference collection of pollen of a the region, 34 samples were from the centre part, great number ofplantsofknown scientificandlo- eightsamplesfromtheeastandfourfromthesouth. calnames. All samples were kept refrigerated until analysis. DetailsofthesamplinglocationsareshowninFig- ure1andTableI. 2.2.2. Physico-chemicalanalyses Allphysico-chemicaldeterminationsmentioned 2.2. Methodsofanalysis above, except pH measurements, were carried out accordingtotheharmonisedmethodsoftheInterna- 2.2.1. Melissopalynologicalanalyses tionalHoneyCommission(Bogdanov etal.,1997; IHC website). The principle and the instrumental Quantitative melissopalynological analysis detailsofthemethodswereasfollows. was performed according to Maurizio’s method For measuring the water content (moisture) an (Louveaux et al., 1978) by counting microscop- Abberefractometerwasused. ically the number of pollen present in the honey Electricalconductivitywasdeterminedbyusing sediment after centrifuging a honey solution. aConsortC951conductometer. Pollen in 100 fields of view were counted in Forthedeterminationoftheenzymediastase(α- four fold. The results were based on the average and β-amylase) the Phadebas procedure was fol- number in the 400 fields of view and expressed lowed.TheabsorbancewasmeasuredwithaVarian as the number of pollen grains in 10 g honey spectrophotometer,typeUVvisibleCary50. (PG/10 g) in thousands (103) and rounded to the The measurement of the enzyme invertase (α- nearest thousand. The honeys were placed into glucosidase) was done following the method of one of the five pollen representativity classes as Siegenthaler as harmonised by the International distinguished by Maurizio (Louveaux et al.,1978; Honey Commission (Bogdanov et al., 1997). The VonderOheetal.,2004).ClassIincludeshoneys absorbancewasmeasuredat400nmwithaVarian poor in pollen (PG/10 g < 20 × 103), class II spectrophotometertypeUVvisibleCary50. 512 C.Makhloufietal. Table I. Places of origin, the number of pollen grains in 10 gram, pollen representativity according to Maurizio’sclassesandpredominantandsecondarypollentypesin66honeysamples. Sample Placeoforigin Numberof Pollen Predominantandsecondarypollentypes number pollenin10g class (PG/10g) ×103 West E7 Relizane 13.9 I Oleaeuropaea+Citrus E18 Tiaret 1019.6 V Pimpinellaanisum E38 Tiaret 25.2 II Vicia E43 Tiaret 7.3 I Multifloral+Aster E44 Tiaret 24.1 II Multifloral+Pimpinellaanisum+Daucuscarota E45 Mostaganem 23.0 II Eucalyptus E46 Relizane 9.9 I Citrus E47 Mascara 34.8 II Multifloral+Oleaeuropaea+Hedysarumcoronarium E48 Tiaret 160.1 III Multifloral+Pimpinellaanisum+Hedysarumcoronarium+ Trifoliumalexandrinum E49 Tiaret 148.2 III Eucalyptus E50 Tiaret 18.0 I Multifloral+Eucalyptus E54 Tiaret 180.0 III Pimpinellaanisum E55 Tiaret 18.2 I Eucalyptus E56 Saida 440.0 III Centaurea+Oleaeuropaea E57 SidiBelAbbes 390.0 III Sedum-type E60 Tiaret 15.5 I Eucalyptus E62 Tlemcen 2.7 I Pimpinellaanisum E63 Tiaret 34.0 II Eucalyptus E64 Tiaret 23.5 II Hedysarumcoronarium E66 Tiaret 5.7 I Eucalyptus Centre E1 TiziOuzou 46.4 II Hedysarumcoronarium E2 TiziOuzou 114.3 III Hedysarumcoronarium E3 TiziOuzou 1120.4 V Hedysarumcoronarium E4 Alger 10.4 I Oleaeuropaea+Echiumplantagineum E5 Alger 21.6 II Multifloral+Eucalyptus+Echiumplantagineum E6 Alger 20.1 II Eucalyptus E8 Alger 53.9 II Eucalyptus E13 Alger 24.3 II Eucalyptus E14 Alger 47.9 II Eucalyptus E15 Blida 4.5 I Multifloral+Oleaeuropaea+Trifoliumrepens E16 Blida 27.1 II Multifloral+Reseda E17 TiziOuzou 140.4 III Multifloral+Cistus+Centaureacyanus E19 Alger 42.3 II Eucalyptus E20 Blida 7.5 I Multifloral+Trifoliumrepens E21 Blida 183.8 III Multifloral+Eucalyptus+Pimpinellaanisum E22 TiziOuzou 45.7 II Pimpinellaanisum E23 TiziOuzou 404.3 III Multifloral+Eucalyptus+Echiumplantagineum E24 TiziOuzou 149.6 III Multifloral+Echiumplantagineum+Trifoliumpratense E25 Boumerdes 75.4 II Multifloral+Eucalyptus+Hedysarumcoronarium E27 Médéa 14.1 II Multifloral+Pimpinellaanisum+Hedysarumcoronarium E31 Médéa 29.8 II Daucuscarota E33 Chlef 114.9 III Multifloral+Eucalyptus+Pimpinellaanisum E34 Blida 49.2 II Multifloral+Rubus+Daucuscarota+Eryngium E35 Alger 92.6 II Eucalyptus E36 Alger 19.7 I Eucalyptus E37 Tizi-Ouzou 10.0 I Hedysarumcoronarium E39 Blida 8.5 I Multifloral+Pimpinellaanisum +Daucuscarota E40 Blida 7.1 I Multifloral E41 KhemisMelyana111.6 III Eucalyptus E42 Blida 52.1 II Pimpinellaanisum E51 Chlef 31.2 II Citrus+ Olea+Centaurea E59 Médéa 4.9 I Multifloral+Pimpinellaanisum+Scillabifolia E61 Blida 53.2 II Eucalyptus E65 Médéa 15.6 I Pimpinellaanisum CharacterizationofAlgerianhoneys 513 TableI.Continued. Sample Placeoforigin Numberof Pollen Predominantandsecondarypollentypes number pollenin10g class (PG/10g)×103 East E9 Sétif 211.6 III Hypecoum+Helianthusannuus E10 Skikda 9.9 I Multifloral+Trifoliumrepens+Onosis E11 Jijel 63.6 II Hedysarumcoronarium E26 Tébessa 159.2 III Rubus+Rosmarinusofficinalis E30 Sétif 18.4 I Multifloral+Echiumplantagineum E32 Constantine 85.7 II Multifloral+Echiumplantagineum+Trifoliumpratense E52 Constantine 2.1 I Multifloral+Hedysarumcoronarium+Trifoliumalexandrinum E53 Mila 2.6 I Hedysarumcoronarium South E12 Ghardaia 145.5 III Eucalyptus E28 Djelfa 36.5 II Tamarix E29 Djelfa 51.6 II Rubus E58 Djelfa 35.1 II Eucalyptus HMFwasdonebytheWinklermethod.There- this table the samples are arranged according sultingcolourwasmeasuredat550nmwithaVar- totheirgeographicalregion. ianspectrophotometer,typeUVvisibleCary50. Twenty-two of the 66 samples (33.3%) The monosaccharide sugars glucose and fruc- were poor in pollen (< 20 × 103 in 10 g) tose, the disaccharides sucrose, maltose, isoma- andbelongedconsequentlytoclassI;27sam- ltose, melibiose, turanose and trehalose and the ples (40.9%) belonged to class II with nor- trisaccharidesmelicitose,raffinoseanderlosewere mal representativity (20 × 103−100 × 103 in determined by HPLC over a strong anion ex- 10 g); 15 samples (22.7%) felt into class III change resin with pulsed amperometric detection. (100×103−500×103 in10g)and2samples Some years ago the method was subjected to a (3.0%) in class V; they contained more than ring trial with seven laboratories by the European 106 pollen in 10 g, an indication for pressed Honey Commission for fructose, glucose and su- honeys. crose(Bogdanovetal.,1997;IHCwebsite). ForpHdetermination5gramhoneywasdiluted 3.2. Qualitativemelissopalynological to50mLand thepH valuewasmeasured withan Orion940/960pHmeter(JournalOfficielFrançais, analysis 1977). Inqualitativepollenanalysisa totalof124 pollen species were identified. The number 2.2.3. Statisticalanalyses of pollen forms per sample ranged from nine (in samples E3 and E4) to 31 (E64), with an average value of 14. For all 66 samples In order to estimate if there was a statistically significantdifferenceinthephysico-chemicalcom- the presence of the 23 predominant and sec- positionofthehoneysamplesfromthefourregions ondarypollenspeciesisshowninTableIand one-wayANOVAanalysiswasappliedtothedata. for the main 30 pollen types, presentin more For all honeys correlation analysis was performed than 15% of the honey samples, the individ- betweentheparameters. ualpollenoccurrenceexpressedaspercentage of the total studied samples - with a subdivi- sioninthefourrelativefrequencyclasses‘very 3. RESULTS frequent’,‘frequent’,‘rare’and‘sporadic’-is giveninFigure2. 3.1. Quantitativemelissopalynological analysis 3.3. Unifloralhoneys AsillustratedinTableIthePG/10gforall From melissopalynological and physico- samplesrangedfrom2.1×103to1.12×106.In chemical data and from sensorial analysis 514 C.Makhloufietal. Eucalyptus spp. Olea europaea* Papaver rhoeas* Pimpinella anisum Carduus f. Hedysarum coronarium Echium plantagineum Rubus f. Trifolium repens gr. Cistus* Trifolium pratense gr. Daucus carota Brassicaceae Centaurea J f. Citrus Convolvulus arvensis Brassica Asteraceae T f. Lotus corniculatus gr. Thymus Apiacées Eryngium Acacia Vicia Asteraceae liguliflore Very frequent Borago Frequent Arctium Poaceae* Rare Palmae* Sporadic Aster 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage samples Figure2. Pollen occurrence of the main thirtypollen types expressed as percentage of the total studied samples -withasubdivision inthefour relativefrequency classes ‘veryfrequent’, ‘frequent’, ‘rare’ and ‘sporadic’.*=nectarlessspecies. 18 honeyscouldbe classified for sure as uni- comparedwiththeotherregions(F = 12.410, floral: honey obtained from Eucalyptus spp. P=0.000).Correlationanalysisshowedalin- (14 samples), Citrus spp. (two), Helianthus ear positive relationship between the diastase annuus(one)andRosmarinusofficinalis(one). and invertase activity and a negativebetween diastase and HMF and between invertase and HMFasisillustratedinTableIV. 3.4. Physico-chemicalandstatistical analyses 4. DISCUSSION The mean value, the range and the stan- 4.1. Quantitativemelissopalynological dard deviation (s.d.) of the physico-chemical analysis parametersaregiveninTablesIIandIII. With ANOVA analysis only for the region The observed pollen distribution is quite south a striking difference was found in pH normal for Mediterranean honey (Persano CharacterizationofAlgerianhoneys 515 TableII.Physico-chemicaldataformultifloralandsomeunifloralhoneysfromAlgeria. Parameter Multifloral Eucalyptus Citrus n=48 n=14 n=2 Water(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 16.5±1.6 16.5±1.7 16.8±0.3 Range 14.0–20.2 14.0–19.8 16.6–17.0 pH Mean±s.d. 3.93±0.45 4.00±0.20 4.00±0.10 Range 3.40–6.23 3.70–4.30 3.90–4.10 El.conductivity(mS/cm) Mean±s.d. 0.55±0.18 0.60±0.20 0.40±0.20 Range 0.11–0.93 0.10–0.90 0.30–0.50 Diastasenumber Mean±s.d 18.0±9.29 15.9±6.89 8.0±1.41 Range 4.0–40.0 8.0–30.0 7.0–9.0 Invertasenumber Mean±s.d 7.90±4.76 9.64±6.06 2.5±0.71 Range 0–17.00 1.0–20.0 2.0–3.0 HMF(mgkg−1) Mean±s.d 17.18±18.42 25.63±27.24 3.11±1.31 Range 0.50–123.98 5.84–110.70 2.18–4.03 PG/10g(×1000) Mean±s.d. 112.1±226.2 56.9±47.6 11.9±2.8 Range 2.1–1120.4 15.5–148.2 9.9–13.9 Oddo and Piro, 2004) and also corresponded 4.2. Qualitativemelissopalynological withtheresultsofanearlierunpublishedstudy analysis ofoneoftheauthors(CM)onthepollenrich- ness of 50 Algerian honeys in which the val- In the majority of the samples pollenfrom ues for the PG/10 g for the classes I, II and Eucalyptus species (77%), Olea europaea III were respectively 28%, 56%, and 16%. (olive tree) (71%), Papaver rhoeas (corn Ouchemoukhetal.(2007)foundintheirstudy or field poppy) (62%), Pimpinella anisum of11AlgeriansampleslowerPG/10gvalues, (aniseed), (61%), a cultivated herb and Car- rangingfrom20×103till40×103.Theirsam- duus sp. (thistle) (59%) were present, while ples were collected in various regions of the Hedysarumcoronariumwasidentifiedin50% province Bejaia, situated along the Mediter- of the collected samples. Eucalyptus spp. as raneancoast.Howevermanyfactorsinfluence well as H. coronarium are very characteristic thenumberofpolleninhoney.Itisknownthat plant species and good nectar sources, found the pollen richness depends upon the pollen throughout Algeria. Honeys from H. coro- production of the plant, the weather condi- narium are also found in Italy (Ricciardelli tions,thedistanceofthebeehivetotheflower d’Albore, 1998). The characteristic O. euro- field, the filtering by the bee’s proventriculus pea and P. rhoeas are no nectar suppliers but and consequently the pollen’s diameter, and aregoodpollensourcesforthebees. the mode of honey extraction (Von der Ohe, Pimpinella anisum pollen were frequently 1994). If honey is harvested by pressing the encountered in the honey samples from the combs the amount of pollen usually exceeds centre region. As this plant is a good nec- 106 pollen in 10 g, due to the presence of tariferous species, it plays an important role stored pollen for bee nutrition. In that case in apiculture throughout north Africa and al- pollenanalysisisofnouseindeterminingthe ready Louveaux and Abed (1984) noted that botanicaloriginoftheproduct. pollen of the Apiaceae family were abundant 516 C.Makhloufietal. TableIII.SugarspectrumformultifloralandsomeunifloralhoneysfromAlgeria. Parameter Multifloral Eucalyptus Citrus n=48 n=14 n=2 Glucose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 28.96±2.91 29.70±2.94 27.00±2.05 Range 21.20–35.20 24.20–34.00 25.50–28.40 Fructose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 41.82±3.55 42.10±3.31 41.20±2.33 Range 34.00–49.10 34.20–47.60 39.50–42.80 Sucrose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 1.15±1.06 1.10±0.50 0.50±0.70 Range 0–4.30 0.40–2.10 0–1.00 Maltose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 1.60±0.89 1.70±0.60 1.40±0.50 Range 0–5.40 0.70–2.60 1.00–1.70 Isomaltose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 1.12±0.87 0.70±0.40 1.10±0.20 Range 0–4.80 0.20–1.80 0.90–1.20 Melibiose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 0.01±0.06 0 0 Range 0–0.40 0 0 Turanose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 1.28±0.88 1.00±0.60 0.80±0.20 Range 0–3.70 0–2.10 0.60–0.90 Trehalose(%m/m) Mean±s.d. 0.01±0.04 0±0.10 0 Range 0–0.20 0–0.20 0 Melicitose Mean±s.d. 0.04±0.12 0.10±0.10 0 Range 0–0.50 0–0.40 0 Raffinose Mean±s.d. 0.08±0.17 0.20±0.50 0 Range 0–0.90 0–1.70 0 Erlose Mean±s.d. 0.49±0.74 0.20±0.30 0.30±0.40 Range 0–3.70 0–0.60 0–0.50 Fructose+glucose Mean±s.d. 70.8±5.05 71.8±4.76 68.1±0.28 Range 55.2–79.8 60.8–78.8 67.9–68.3 in honeys from this region. They only iden- ofthismemberoftheApiaceaefamilyinMo- tified this pollen type to family level and not roccan honey (Damblon, 1987, 1988; Terrab to a specific genus or species. Eastward from etal.,2003a–d). Algeria, in Tunisia, the occurrence of Api- As illustrated in Figure 2 other pollen aceae pollen of the Pimpinella group in lo- species characteristic for the Algerian honey cal honey was already reported by Vorwohl samples were: Echium plantagineum(Viper’s (1973),togetherwithpollenfromAcaciaspp, Bugloss),Trifoliumspp.,Rubussp.andCistus Papaver, Olea, Myrtaceae and Cistus spp. sp.(rockrose).Infacttheywererepresentedin Also in Turkey monofloral Pimpinella hon- approximately 40% of the honeys and some- eys are known (Ricciardelli d’Albore, 1998). timesreachedthelevelofpredominantpollen. However,morewestward,nomentionismade Of the cultivated crops, the genera Brassica CharacterizationofAlgerianhoneys 517 TableIV.Correlationcoefficientsofsomephysico- Table V. Main honey producing plants in four re- chemicalparameters. gionsofAlgeria.Numberofhoneysamplesineach regionwithprimaryandsecondarypollenofnectar- Parameter1 Parameter2 Correlation Probability iferousplantsexpressedaspercentageofthestudied coefficient samplesinthespecificregion. Diastase HMF –0.32 P<0.05 Invertase HMF –0.47 P<0.05 Nectariferousplant West Centre East South Diastase Invertase 0.47 P<0.05 species % % % % Eucalyptusspp. 35 41 50 Pimpinellaanisum 25 23 and Citrus, the latter especially cultivated in Hedysarum coronar- 15 18 38 coastalareas,werefoundinabout30%ofthe ium Citrusspp. 10 3 samplesandthespeciesHelianthusannuusoc- Daucuscarota 5 9 curred in more than 10% of the honeys. As Echiumplantagineum 12 25 far as the main pollen species are concerned Cloverspp. 5 9 37 our results are in agreement with Louveaux Rubussp. 3 25 and Abed (1984), Chefrour et al. (2007) and Viciasp. 5 Ouchemoukhetal.(2007). Astersp. 5 The most important plants for the honey Centaureasp. 3 flowwerederivedfromTableIbycountingin Scillabifolia 3 Helianthusannuus 12 each ofthe fourregionsthe numberof honey Onosissp. 12 sampleswithprimaryandsecondarypollenof Rosmarinus nectariferousplants.Theresultsareexpressed officinalis 12 as percentage of the studied samples in the Tamarixsp. 25 specific region and shown in Table V. Espe- Eryngiumsp. 3 ciallythecentreregionisrichinplantswhich supplyappreciableamountsofhoney.Inthree regions (west, centre and south), Hedysarum coronarium, clover and Eucalyptus spp. con- Also Louveauxand Abed (1984) observed tribute to a considerable extent to the honey that Eucalypt was one of the most impor- yield, Daucus carota and Pimpinella anisum tant bee plants in Algeria. It was likewise aremoreconfinedtotheregionswestencentre noticed that its pollen plays a predominant andEchiumplantagineumtocentreandeast. roleinhoneyfromTunisia(unpublishedstudy by CM) and Terrab et al. (2003a) con- 4.3. Unifloralhoneys cluded that unifloral honeys from Eucalyp- tus camaldulensis Dehnh are very common 4.3.1. Eucalyptus honey in north Morocco. They mentioned Plantago sp.andThymelaceaepollenasaccompanying It is known that eucalypt pollen is over- flora,whileRicciardellid’AlboreandVorwohl represented in honey. However fourteen of (1980) found species of Acacia, Gleditsia our samples could be considered as unifloral andHedysarumcoronariumasaccompanying Algerian eucalypt honeys because they con- pollen for Libya. According to the same au- tained more than 70% Eucalyptus pollen and thors Tunisian eucalypt honeys were charac- because their physico-chemical and sensorial terized by species of Citrus and Acacia to- properties were in accordance with the stan- gether with Erica multiflora, Olea europaea, dardsas describedby PersanoOddoand Piro andHedysarumcoronariumasaccompanying (2004). The most important accompanying pollen. Spanish eucalypt honeys distinguish pollen were Echium plantagineum, Olea eu- themselves from other eucalypt honeys from ropaea, Trifolium spp., Papaverrhoeas, Cen- the western Mediterranean region by having taureasp.andApiaceae.PG/10grangedfrom Cytisus, Lotus, Salix, Rubus, Asteraceae and 5.7 × 103−148 × 103 with a mean value of Scrophulariaceaespp.intheirpollenspectrum 56.9×103. (Seijoetal.,2003).
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