CHAPTERS IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION--A HANDBOOK OF READINGS TO ACCOMPANY THE ...

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CHAPTERS IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION--A HANDBOOK OF READINGS TO
ACCOMPANY THE CIVILIZATION OF INDIA SYLLABUS. VOLUME II,
BRITISH AND MODERN INDIA.
BY- ELDER, JOSEPH W., ED.
WISCONSIN UNIV., MADISON, DEPT. OF INDIAN STUDIES
REPORT NUMBER BR-6-2512
JUN 67
PUB DATE
CONTRACT OEC-3-6-062512-1744
EDRS PRICE
HC-$12.04
MF-$1.25
299P.
DESCRIPTORS- *INDIANS, *CULTURE, *AREA STUDIES, MASS MEDIA,
*LANGUAGE AND AREA CENTERS, LITERATURE, LANGUAGE
CLASSIFICATION, INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, DRAMA, MUSIC,
SOCIOCULTURAL PATTERNS, INDIA,
THIS VOLUME IS THE COMPANION TO "VOLUME II CLASSICAL AND
MEDIEVAL INDIA," AND IS DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY COURSES DEALING
WITH INDIA, PARTICULARLY THOSE COURSES USING THE
(BY THE SAME AUTHOR AND
"CIVILIZATION OF INDIA SYLLABUS"
PUBLISHERS, 1965). VOLUME II CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING
SELECTIONS--(/) "INDIA AND WESTERN INTELLECTUALS," BY JOSEPH
W. ELDER,
(2) "DEVELOPMENT AND REACH OF MASS MEDIA," BY K.E.
EAPEN, (3) "DANCE, DANCE-DRAMA, AND MUSIC," BY CLIFF R. JONES
(4) "MODERN INDIAN LITERATURE," BY M.G.
AND ROBERT E. BROWN,
KRISHNAMURTHI, (5) "LANGUAGE IDENTITY--AN INTRODUCTION TO
INDIA'S LANGUAGE PROBLEMS," BY WILLIAM C. MCCORMACK,
"THE
(6)
STUDY OF CIVILIZATIONS," BY JOSEPH W. ELDER, AND
(7) "THE
PEOPLES OF INDIA," BY ROBERT J. AND BEATRICE D. MILLER. THESE
MATERIALS ARE WRITTEN IN ENGLISH AND ARE PUBLISHED BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN,
MADISON, WISCONSIN 53706.
(AMM)
11116ro.,
F
Bk.--. G 2S12
Ye-
CHAPTERS
IN INDIAN
CIVILIZATION
JOSEPH W ELDER
Editor
VOLUME I I
BRITISH AND
MODERN PERIOD
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
Department of Indian Studies
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
June, 1967
gl, 000 990
IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION:
CHAPTERS
A HANDBOOK OF READINGS TO ACCOMPANY
THE CIVILIZATION OF INDIA SYLLABUS
Joseph W. Elder, Editor
VOLUME II
BRITISH AND MODERN INDIA
Department of Indian Studies
The University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
June, 1967
The research reported herein was performed pursuant to
a contract with the United
States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, under
the provisions of Title VI, Public Law 85-864,
as amended, Section 602.
,","`",-,,,,,,,,,,-,,,---,--,-
iii
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In September, W65, the Department of Indian Studies of the University of
Wisconsin, under contract with the U. S. Office of Education, published a
Civilization of India Syllabus that I edited, assisted by Willard L. Johnson and
Christopher R. King. While preparing the Syllabus, we asked ourselves whether
textbook.
It was our con-
or not we should consider preparing an accompanying
those who had helped plan the Syllabus, that
sensus, as well as the consensus of
such a textbook would repeat much of what was already available in such books
Wonder That Was India, S. M. Ikram's Muslim Civiliza-
ii=
as A. L. Basham's The
tion in India, and Wm. Theodore DeBary's edited Sources of Inrar7Tm
So forte time being we abandoned the thought of an accompanying textbook.
Once the Syllabus preparation was underway, however, we discovered the
need for a different sort of book. The author of each lecture outline included a
'required' reading assignment of approximately fifty pages.
Usually this posed
But occasionally an author reported that there simply were no fifty-
no problem.
the quality we required. Our makeshift solution
page readings on the topic or of
recommend the best article we could, even
was to list multiple references or to
Neither solution was satis-
if we knew it was unavailable to most Syllabus users.
factory.
At this point an idea occurred to us: could we not prepare a volume of chapters
specifically designed to fill existing gaps in materials on India? The Office of
Education proved responsive to the idea and signed a contract for the necessary
In June, W66 my colleague Alex Wayman, who had taught the classical
funds.
portion of our "Civilization of India" course, Willard Johnson, Christopher King
and I met to map out what we felt should be included in the volume. We were
aided by the participants in a four-week faculty Workshop on South Asia held in
Madison during June and July. At the end of the Workshop, the faculty partic-
ipants described the materials they would like to see in such a collection. The
inclusion of chapter eleven, "The Study of Civilizations," can be attributed
directly to them. By the end of the summer, we had generally decided what the
chapters would cover, whom we would invite as authors, and in a number of
chapters might
cases we even prepared rough outlines of what we thought the
include.
The task of approaching the authors was made most pleasant by their willing-
Despite their heavy teach-
ness to cooperate and their enthusiasm for the project.
ing and administrative burdens, they managed to crowd their days and shorten
their nights to meet the deadlines that had to be established if the contract were
to be met. To each author I am deeply grateful both for the quality of his writing
and for his tolerance of my editorial persistence.
iv
I have been most fortunate to have as a Special Consultant for the "Classical
and Medieval India" volume Dr. A. K. Narain, Principal of the College of
Indology in Banaras Hindu University and visiting professor in the University of
Wisconsin during the W66-67 academic year. He also graciously submitted to
His comments were learned, judi-
the pressures and deadlines of the contract.
I am also grateful to my two
cious and helpful, and I am deeply indebted to him.
graduate assistants, Christopher R. King and Mark A. Ehman, and to Willard L.
Johnson for all their help in planning, preparing bibliography, and indexing the
Chapters. Without them, both the format and content of these Chapters would be
I am also indebted to Mrs. Norah Adair, assistant to the
much less complete.
director of Wisconsin 's South Asia Language and Area Center, who helped draft
the contract proposal and subsequently assumed responsibility for handling the fi-
nancial side of the project. With her quiet efficiency, she has seen that checks
were issued and reports prepared to meet the contract specifications.
I am grateful to the Center for Advanced Studies in Wesleyan University and
the Danforth Foundation in St. Louis for providing me with the free time and de-
lightful Connecticut setting for carrying out several writing projects including the
editing of these Chapters. Wyman Parker, Gertrude McKenna and the other mem-
bers of Wesleyan's Olin Library staff deserve special mention for their assistance
in tracking down elusive references.
I would also like to express my appreciation
to the Wesleyan students who enrolled in my Workshop on "India and Western
Intellectuals." The stimulation they provided by preparing sections of chapter six
and serving as a sounding board for my own ideas was so valuable that I have
listed their names along with my own at the head of the chapter.
The chapter on "Dance, Dance-Drama, and Music" by Cliff R. Jones and
Robert E. Brown called for illustrations and musical notations. For the former I
am deeply grateful to Louise A. Smith, whose line drawings of the instruments
and dancers add much to the chapter's effectiveness. For the latter I am grateful
to Muriel C. Hintz, who painstakingly copied the ragas to provide a more inclu-
sive collection than any I have ever seen elsewhere. Frank H. Murtha, manager
of Wesleyan University's Central Services, and his staff also deserve special recog-
nition for their flexibility, technical skill, and friendly cooperation.
For the maps and proofreading I am indebted to my charming wife, Joann F.
Had it not been for their willingness
Elder, and her mother, Mabel D. Byers.
to devote long hours to the concluding rush of work, this project would have been
considerably delayed. And to my daughter, Shonti R. Elder,
I am indebted for
the title Chapters in Indian Civilization. When she turned up her nose at my
working title (Handbook of Supplementary Readings) and I challenged her to do
better, she did.
Undoubtedly the heroine of this project has been Karen L. Meyers. Starting
v
as one who had worked with neither Indian diacritical marks nor an executive model
typewriter before, she became a virtuoso in both.
Her own uncommon good sense
prevented countless mistakes before they were made, and the care that she and her
husband, Peter V. Meyers, gave to the proofreading made reading by others almost
superfluous. She has borne with good-humored patience the project's numerous
vicissitudes, and I can only hope that now that the project is successfully concluded,
she can enjoy some of the rest she so richly deserves.
Joseph W. Elder
Middletown, Connecticut
June 28, 1967
1
vi
INTRODUCTION
A. How To Use The Chapters
These Chapters in Indian Civilization are designed as readings to accompany
especially courses using the Civilization of India
courses dealing with India,
Syllabus. Their aim is to supplement rather than to replace such presently-avail-
able materials as A. L. Basham's The Wonder That Was India and Wm. Theodore
DeBary's edited Sources of Indian Tradition. About the only feature each chapter
shares with all the others is its selection by the Syllabus staff to fill a gap in exist-
ing materials dealing with India.
No effort has been made for one chapter to lead into the next. The chapters
in volume I pertain to Classical and Medieval India; the chapters in volume II
deal with British and Modern India.
Within these volumes, the chapters are ar-
ranged according to the order in which the lectures they accompany appear in the
forthcoming revision of the Civilization of India Syllabus.
This arrangement is
quite arbitrary, and the instructor assigning these Chapters is encouraged to exercise
his own imagination in fitting them most effectively into his course.
Revision of the Chapters
B.
The Chapters will be revised within the next few months. The editor would
appreciate any comments or suggestions for improvements. Write:
Joseph W. Elder, Editor
Chapters in Indian Civilization
Department of Indian Studies
The University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
53706
j
Spelling and Pronunciation
C.
Where it seemed necessary, diacritical marks have been included on Indian
words to give their appropriate spelling and to aid pronunciation. The standard
source for Sanskrit-based words has been A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India,
New York: Grove Press, 1959. For Persian and Arabic-based words, we have used
I. H. Qureshi, The Muslim Community of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent (610-1947),
The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton, 1962. For Hindi words we have relied on
Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language: (Hindi-English
Edition), compiled by R.C. Pathak, Varanasi: P.N. Bhargava, rev. ed., 1960.
vii
Key sounds for correct pronunciation are the vowels, although certain conso-
nants are also crucial. The following table provides the most important sound
equivalents:
as u in but, cut (not as a in cat)
Vowels:
a
as a in far, calm
a
in pin, bit
as i
i
i
in machine
i
as
as u in pull, bull
u
as u in rule
5
as ai in chair
Diphthongs:
e
as ai in aisle
ai
as o in go
o
as ow in cow
au
in river, rich
as ri
r
as ch in church
c
Consonants:
as g in go
g
approximately as sh in rush, shape
S,
s
For further help in pronunciation see A. L. Basham, op. cit.,
xxi and pp.
P.
506-508 and I. H. Qureshi, op. cit., p. 10.
J. W. E.
ix
TABLE OF COITTENTS
Volume I
CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL INDIA
I.
J.A.B. Van Buitenen
Vedic and Upanisadic Bases of
1
Indian Civilization
II.
gramanas: Their Conflict with
Padmanabh S. Jaini
39
Briihmanical Society
III.
Pilgrimage Sites and Indian
Agehananda Bharati
83
Civi I ization
Classical Indian Philosophy - Part
IV.
Richard H. Robinson
127
I
V. Classical Indian Philosophy - Part II
Richard H. Robinson
195
Volume II
BRITISH AND MODERN INDIA
VI.
India and Western Intellectuals
Joseph W. Elder
229
295
VII
K. E. Eapen
Development and Reach of Mass Media
.
VIII.
Cliff R. Jones
Dance, Dance-Drama, and Musk
341
(Dance, Dance-Drama)
Robert E. Brown (Music)
IX.
405
M. G. Krishnamurthi
Modern Indian Literature
William C. McCormack
X. Language Identity: An Introduction
435
to India's Language Problems
467
XI. The Study of Civilizations
Joseph W. Elder
493
Robert J. and
XII. The Peoples of India
Beatrice D. Miller
-
229 -
CHAPTER VI
INDIA AND WESTERN INTELLECTUALS
Joseph W. Elder
The University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin