DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 68 CHAPTER FIVE DEITIES OF DELPHI TI si emit ot redisnoc ollopA ni retaerg .liated erehT si aesav painting showing Apollo and Dionysus together at Delphi. A fragment of Aeschylus speaks of "Apollo, ivy-crowned, ,cihccaB ".eltnam ,hcratulP ni gives him three The E at Delphi, names; Apollo, not many but one; Ieius, One; and Phoebus, Pure. eH emac morf eht .tsae erehT era etittiH sratla ot,sanulupA discovered by Hrozny at Enni Gazi and Eski Kisla. si Pule keerG rof a .etag siH eltit naiaP sknil mih htiw a naterC dogfo .gnilaeh ehT tehtipe soiakyL sah neeb thguoht ot :naemehT dog morf aicyL ni( aisA ;)roniMflow -slaying, from a lukos, ;flow dna eht dog fo ,yad morf ,ekul .thgil esehT tnereffid interpretations are not necessarily mutually exclusive. ehT eman saixoL yam refer ot eht ytiugibma fo sih :erutandog fo eugalp dna fo ,gnilaeh fo thgil dna ,htaed fo niatrecnu answers. The Greek snaem ,euqilbo dna si eht mretdesu loxias for the ecliptic. He is the leader of the Muses. Scholars have often contrasted eht lautcelletni erutan fo sih noitaripsni htiw eht lanoitome violence of Dionysus, but Cassandra and other victims of the raF -darter might have reservations about this. si an epic word meaning destructive, baneful, fatal. Oulos Apo snaem ,morf morf a .ecnatsid ehT eman ollopA dluow tiusmih llew fi ti deilpmi htaed' morf .'rafa eH si netfo debircsedsa ,solobekeH eht raf ,retrad sa si sih retsis .simetrA tuB,semreH ohw si yrev ekil ,ollopA si ,sokodeluP naidraug fo eht ,etagdna it is still an open question. Apollo's weapons were the bow and DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 69 arrow, but he, with his sister, and Demeter, are all called htiw nedlog.drows chrusaoros, ehT najorT oreh rotceH si ekil na a lufenab ,ratsni oulios aster, XI:62. Iliad nI eht mrof fo a nihplod ollopA dedraob a pihs morf eterCdna edam eht werc lias ot ,asirK eht trop rof .ihpleD eHdelaever himself as Apollo, and went to Pytho. This early name for ihpleD yam emoc morf a toor well, which suggests the puth, chasm between the two Phaedriades. ehT eman sussanraP sraeppa ot naem niatnuom' fo eht 'esuohni ,naivuL a egaugnal fo aisA .roniM ,sihT dna eht ecneserpni Greek of such words as Korinthos, asaminthos, labyrinthos, ,sottemyH ,sosselakyM si yllareneg dleh ot naem taht eht erp -Achaean people of Greece w ere of Asian origin, and were stsoh ot na noitargimmi fo snaeahcA ni eht dn2 muinnellim B.C.. Tartessus was a Phoenician city near Cadiz, ruled by King Arganthonius (Cicero: XIX). De Senectute ehT pihsrow fo ollopA ta ihpleD saw ton dehsilbatse litnu relations with Corinth were established about 800 B.C.. The orientalising tendency of Corinthian art is well known. The name Delphi itself suggests the Greek a .nihplod delphis, Delphyne was the name of the serpent that Apollo killed on arrival at Delphi. Note also .xirtam ylraE ni sihreerac delphys, Apollo was a giant killer like Herakles and Hermes. He defended Olympus against the giants who piled Pelion on Ossa in their attack on Mount Olympus and the gods. He killed the giant Tityos. When Coronis, whom he had loved, decided to yrram syhcsI ,)htgnerts( ollopA tnes sih retsis simetrA ot yortsed .reh eH neht dehctans reh ,nos eht tnafni,suipelcsA morf eht s'rehtom esproc no eht larenuf ,eryp dna evag mihot eht ruatnec noriehC ot eb detacude ni .enicidem enO si reminded of Zeus snatching Dionysus from Semele. Later, as a punishment for killing the Cyclopes, Apollo was servant to a mortal, King Admetus, as was Herakles to Eurystheus and Omphale. DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 70 As the deity at Delphi, he shines rather than speaks. Sophocles, 80, sebircsed mih sa .gninihssiH Oedipus Tyrannus lampros, retsis ,simetrA dellac ,oxoL si derrefer ot yb remoH sa htiw lufituaeb nworc ,]1[ dna ni enil 702 foeht eustephanos, eht" gniraeberif syar fo simetrA htiwhcihw Oedipus Tyrannus: ehs sehsur ssorca eht sniatnuom fo ".aicyL nI enil:681 "paian eht tuohs sgnir tuo yllaretil( 'senihs' ro.)'sehsalf' de lampei", Cassandra, captive at Mycenae, begins to prophesy: "O Apollo of the roads, my destroyer, ,]2[ rehtihw evah uoy apollon brought me?" There was an occasion when the oracle at Delphi refused to answer Herakles. Herakles seized the tripod to hsams evitov .sgnireffo ollopA thguof kcab litnu sueZ .denevretni eH dah gnol gniwolf.riah erehT si a yrotsih fo retsasid gnikatrevo slatrom ohw was adog ro .sseddog ehT sseddog areH :syas ehT" sdog era drah otkool nopu ni rieht lluf ".ssenthgirb .]3[ ehT sreidlos forednaxelA the Great were blinded when they invaded the temple of Demeter at Miletus. Anchises was blinded by a thunderbolt for gnitsaob fo sih noinu htiw.etidorhpA nehW labinnaH dehsiw ot yrrac ffo a nedlog nmuloc morf s'onuJ elpmet ta ,muinicaL eh detset ti htiw a llird dna diddnif ti dilos ,dlog tub neht dah a maerd ni hcihw eh saw denrawtaht fi eh devomer eht nmuloc eh dluow esol eht thgis fo sihdoog .eye eH dah na egami fo a flac edam tuo fo eht dlog ,tsuddna set it on the column [4]. A mediaeval Arab story tells that a certain pyramid that was built, according to Manetho, by Nitocris, is haunted by a beautiful woman who drives men mad. There are several instances of people being driven mad as punishment for similar offences. At Patrae, a statue of Dionysus evord dam lla esoht ohw was .ti A tsil fo selpmaxe si nevigni na elcitra yb .A.G.R notxuB ni eht , Journal of Hellenic Studies 1980. DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 71 eW evah nees taht s'ollopA retsis simetrA saw dellac ybremoH Eustephanos, she of the beautiful crown. The crown, stephanos, si associated with her brother, too. Every eight years at Delphi there was celebrated the festival of eht .airetpetS A nedoow erutcurts saw tes no erif yb shtuoyohw ran away, without looking back, to Tempe. The burning is said to represent Apollo's defeat of the serpent Puthon, and the journey to Tempe his eight years of servitude to Admetus. The noitautis si ton ekilnu taht ta ,sebehT erehw somdaK dellikeht tnepres taht dedraug eht gnirps fo ,serA dna dah ot og dnaevres Ares for eight years. Every eight years at Thebes the festival of the Daphnephoria was held. The Greek si laurel. A procession brought a daphne piece of olive wood, decorated with bay and flowers, 365 purple ribands, and a bronze globe from which smaller globes hung, to the precincts of Apollo Ismenios and Chalazios. The lower end of the stick was wrapped in saffron coloured cloth. A boy whose parents were still alive led the procession. Next came his brother or cousin, with the olive wood, then the (laurel bearer), a handsome boy, with flowing daphnephoros hair, in a splendid long robe, golden crown and wreath of bay, and elegant shoes. Last came a chorus of girls with branches. There is clearly some astronomical significance in the ceremony - - a elprup nobbir rof hcae yad fo eht raey - - and the drow ,liah nac osla naem senots ro ,setiroetem ekileht chalaza, Hebrew baradh. Let us look again at the Delphic succession. Gaia, Themis and Phoebe represent a powerful deity, associated with the earth and .elamef ,susynoiD ni sih retal mrof sa eht dog htiw a elap,ecaf long curly hair and epicene appearance guaranteed to enrage such a pillar of the Theban establishment as Pentheus, is a flah -way house between Gaia and Apollo. Apollo is the male deity who operates as much above ground as from below .dnuorg tI si gnitseretni taht noitamuhni fo eht daed sawlausu ni reilrae .semit tcatnoC si ybereht edam htiw ehthtrae -mother, .aiaG noitamerC si decitcarp ,retal sa fi ot knil eht daed htiwa y kdso gr oeht aither. DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 72 ehT stceffe fo yticirtcele no eht namuh ydob erew fo taerg tseretni ot eht skeerG dna .snamoR erehT si a enif elpmaxeni Vergil. During the hunt organised by Dido for her guest at Carthage, Aeneas and the queen take refuge in a cave during a thunderstorm. Earth (Tellus), and Juno Pronuba, i.e. Juno as attendant of the bride and patron goddess of marriage, give a ;ngis gninthgil ,sehsalf eht yks snioj ni sa na (aither) accomplice [5]. ehT cillahpyhti seutats fo semreH dnuof ni lla keerG seiticera outstanding examples of electrical stimulation. One of the titles of Hermes is Stilbon, a name of the planet Mercury. The Greek snaem .'hsalf' si ot hsalf gninthgil.]6[ stilbo Stilbein astrapas Among the Sybarites, tna. efamrawd stilbon Hermes was the son of Zeus and of Maia, one of the Pleiades. eH saw nrob ni eht ylrae ,gninrom yb noon eh dah detnevnieht eryl dna deyalp no ,ti dna yb eht gnineve eh dah nelots ehtswoc fo .ollopA eH saw eht tsom gninnuc dna luftieced fo eht,sdog dna evag ylrae foorp fo siht nehw eh deggard eht swoc backwards by their tails so that their theft should not be discovered. His staff, the ro delba nmeihot kerakeion caduceus, tcudnoc sluos ot eht ,dlrowrednu dna eh sah eht eltit fo escorter of souls. psychopompos, Aphrodite is described as of the beautiful crown, 'eustephanos', gniylpmi a knil htiw lacirtcele .erif ehT drow saw nekat otrefer rehtie ot a eldrig or to a crown. (zone) ,sorE ro lauxes ,noissap si detcennoc htiw .thgil eH sraeppani Hesiod as the most beautiful among the immortal gods as well sa gnieb eht tsrif ot emoc otni ecnetsixe .]7[ nI eht cihprO seirots eh si ,senahP eh ohw sgnirb gnihtyreve otni ,thgil dnasa sorE eh si elbisnopser rof eht egairram fo htrae dna.nevaeh ehT keerG drow means an omen or presage when one kledon made an involuntary movement or exclamation. Such a chance act was thought to be caused by a god. Sneezing was significant. Epileptic convulsions were certainly of divine DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 73 origin, and are now attributed to electrical malfunctions of the .niarb gnirevihS saw a ,ngis dna si ot eb detcennoc htiweht stories in Diodorus and Plutarch of the goats made to shiver before slaughter as an essential preliminary to the Pythia's descent to the shrine to prophesy. Readers of Pindar, the 5th century B.C. lyric poet of Thebes, lliw eb railimaf htiw segassap erehw eh sesu segami fo erifdna thgil rof ,yrteop .g.e gnittes" eht ytic no erif htiw ymsgnos .]8[ (aoidais)." segassaP gninrecnoc ,riah ,thgil ollopA dna morf kledons; Homer, Vergil and Pausanias. mor Feht Iliad: XIII:435: Poseidon casts a spell on the shining eyes of suohtaclA dna sdnib sih gnimaelg sbmil os taht eh tonnacnur away or dodge sideways. XV:256: Apollo encourages Hector. Apollo Chrysaoros, Apollo of the golden sword. XV:262: So saying, he breathed great power otnieht (menos) najorT.redael :141:IIIXX sellihcA stuc ffo a kcol fo sih riah ot yal noeht body of Patroclus. XXIII:281: Achilles announces the chariot race at the funeral semag fo .sulcortaP eH lliw ton etepmoc htiw sih nwo:sesroh Patroclus often washed them with clear water and poured oil on their manes. mor Feht Odyssey: :09:I snaeahcA htiw gniwolf ,riah kare komoontas. DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 74 :351:I ehT dlareh tup a lufituaeb ni eht sdnah foeht kitharis minstrel Phemius. He played a prelude dnanageb (phormizon) his song. ehT ,arahtik ni remoH was triangular in shape with kitharis, seven strings. It was portable, and was Apollo's instrument. It is virtually the same as the ehT saw a regral phorminx. lura ,tnemurtsni htiw ruof ;sgnirts retal htiw .neves remoH seodton noitnem ,ti tub eht drow srucco ni eht Homeric Hymn to . 3e2n4il Hermes, :221:VI neleH segreme morf reh moor gnikool ekil simetrAfo eht nedlog ffatsid (chryselakate). :323:IIIV droL ollopA sogreakeH gnikrow( raf.)ffo XVII:541: Penelope says that if only Odysseus were to return, he and his son would soon avenge the crimes of the suitors. suhcameleT sevig a duol ezeens hcihw seohce ni agninethgirf way round the house. mor Feht Aeneid: :047:I tA a teuqnab htiw ,odiD gnol -haired Iopas (crinitus) syalp no sih nedlog ;arahtik eh dah neeb thguat yb taerg.saltA :08:III nehW eht snajorT dnal no ,soleD yeht teem ,suinAgnik of Delos and priest of Apollo, who wears fillets of sacred laurel dnuor sih.daeh III: 170 ff.: The Trojans suffer ecological disasters in Crete. The najorT sdog raeppa ni a maerd dna laever taht suhtyroC niylatI si rieht .laog suhtyroC saw retal ,anotroC a nwot ni .airurtEehT name resembles the cauldron or tripod. cortina, Korus, koruthos si eht keerG rof a .temleh ehT sdog ohw deraeppa ni ehtmaerd dah dednalrag ,riah velatas comas. :752:III nehW yeht dnal ni eht ,sedahportS eht ypraHonealeC prophesies that they will know they are at their destination when they eat their tables. DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 75 :977:IV twin crests stand on "Geminae stant vertice cristae," eht daeh fo(.)sulumoR :066:XI s'ollopA reviuq .sgnalc yehT esingocer eht dog dnasih divine weapons and resounding quiver, as they flee. :856:XI eH sehsinav morf rieht ,thgis gnitlem otni niht.ria X1:785: The Etruscans charge; Arruns prays to Apollo before hurling a spear to kill Camilla. "Great god Apollo, guardian of yloh etcaroS a( ,)niatnuom mohw ew gnoma eht tsrif,pihsrow rof mohw enip sgol ezalb ni a ,paeh ,dna gniyler no ruo,yteip ew pets no gninrub slaoc hguorht eht elddim fo eht erif noeht bed of ashes..." Examples from Pausanias, chiefly concerning Apollo: :2:13:I ehT enirhs fo ollopA ta eaisarP seviecer eht tsrif stiurffo the Hyperboreans, by relay. The Athenians take them to Delos. They are hidden in wheat straw. :8:14:I suereT si deirub ta .arageM ehT eopooh tsrifderaeppa there. (Cf. Aristophanes, ehT tserc fo eht dribsevig The Birds. it magical significance.) :1:42:II tA asiraL si a enirhs fo ,ollopA tsrif tliub yb soiahtyPfo .ihpleD erehT si a eutats fo ollopA fo eht .egdiR erehT sia ssetseirp ohw ecno a htnom sknird s'bmal doolb dna sidellif with the god. :2:22:IIV tA iarahP ni eht aroga ereht si a enots eutats fo dedraeb .semreH tI sah na .elcaro nI tnorf fo eht eutats sia ,enotshtraeh htiw eznorb spmal kcuts no htiw .dael nruB esnecni no eht ,enotshtraeh llif eht spmal htiw ,lio thgil ,putup a copper coin on the altar to the right of the god, and whisper ruoy noitseuq ni eht s'dog .rae potS pu ruoy ,srae og otnieht tekram ,ecalp ,potsnu dna eht tsrif gniht uoy raeh si eht.elcaro DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 76 The Egyptians have a similar oracle at the sanctuary of Apis. (Vide Herodotus II :153, re the temple of Hephaestus at Memphis). :7:43:VI nI ,ainesseM ereht si a edisaes enirhs fo ollopA Korunthos (Crested). :III :7:61 tA eht mueanmiL ereht si a eutats fo simetrAnelots from the Taurians by Orestes and Iphigenia. Astrabakos and Alopekos, sons of Irbos, went mad when they dnuof siht .eutats nehW eht snatrapS fo ,eanmiL dna eht nemfo Kynosouria, Mesoa and Pitane sacrificed to Artemis, they quarreled and shed blood. Many died at her altar, and disease carried off the rest. Originally there was human sacrifice; Lycurgus changed this to whipping. III:22:1: Near Gythion is a stone, 'Fallen Zeus', where Orestes's ssendam tfel .mih :9:51:IIIV nO tnuoM sihtarK ni aidacrA sia yrautcnas fo nainoryP .simetrA ehT sevigrA desu ot hcteferif morf eht sseddog rof eht naeanreL.lavitsef :83:IIIV ehT ytic fo aruosocyL si eht tsedlo fo lla ni eht,htrae eht tsrif ytic eht tI si eht ecruos fo s'nem sun ever saw. knowledge of how to build cities. ollopA si detaicossa htiw eht neves -day week, his birthday being on the seventh. His title as leader of the Muses was 'Mousagetes'. The Muses themselves are sometimes referred to as Leibethrides. This drow si detcennoc htiw eht brev ruop fo( .)snoitabil leibo, Libations were offerings of water, wine and blood to the dead dna ot eht sdog .woleb nI siht txetnoc ti si htrow gniredisnoceht importance that the Greeks and Romans attached to remembering the dead, the ehT sesuM erew eht Di Manes. daughters of Zeus and Memory, according to the most generally accepted story Artemis is 'Hekaerge', she who operates at a distance. DC -lQo v:21 KA, Ch. 5: Deities of Delphi 77 nI eht line 529, Apollo promises Homeric Hymn to Hermes, Hermes a fine staff of riches and wealth, golden, with three ,sehcnarb hcihw lliw peek mih efas morf.mrah akerios, :semreH eH si ralimis ot ,ollopA dna yam eb deredisnoc.ereh Plato, 534 E: Poets are interpreters fo eht.sdog Ion (hermeneis) XXIV:339: The guide and killer of Argos obeyed: he at Iliad once bound on his feet the beautiful ambrosial golden sandals, that carried him over boundless land and sea with the speed of eht ;dniw eh koot sih ,ffats htiw hcihw eh smrahc s'nem seyefi he wishes, or wakes them from sleep. XIV:489: Ilioneus, son of Phorbas who owned many Iliad ,peehs mohw semreH devol tsom fo eht snajorT dna dahedam mih.hcir In this capacity, as bringer of good fortune, he was known as Eriounios, the Helper, and Akaketa, the Gracious and Benignant. In his pastoral capacity he was Nomios. He was Dolios as an trepxe ni terces ,sgnilaed XIX:397. Autolycus Odyssey dessaprus lla ni tfeht dna ;yrujrep eht dog semreH dahnevig mih siht .lliks semreH si ,sipahrrosyrhC eh fo eht nedlog.dnaw He is Psychopompos, conductor of souls to Hades, Odyssey XXIV:1. He is Pyledokos, Watcher of Doors, in Homeric Hymn .51.I eH si ,soidoH ro ,soidonE a dog mohwuoy to Hermes, teem no eht.daor Aeschylus, :086 semreH dellik sugrA Prometheus Vinctus instantly: "Unexpected sudden doom robbed him of life." erehweslE semreH smrahc mih ot peels htiw sih dor dnaneht stuc ffo sih.daeh siH ylrae efil yrots si ralimis ot taht fo.ollopA
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