Changing Social Risks and Social Policy Responses in the Nordic Welfare States

311 Pages·2013·1.342 MB·English

by  Ivan Harsløf, Rickard Ulmestig (eds.)

Changing Social Risks and Social Policy Responses
in the Nordic Welfare States
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Changing Social Risks and
Social Policy Responses in
the Nordic Welfare States
Editedby
Ivan Harsløf
OsloandAkershusUniversityCollegeofAppliedSciences,Norway
and
Rickard Ulmestig
JönköpingUniversity&LinnaeusUniversity,Sweden
Selection,introductionandeditorialmatter©IvanHarsløf
andRickardUlmestig2013
Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-26718-4
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Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vii
Preface x
NotesonContributors xii
1 Introduction:ChangingSocialRisksandSocialPolicy
ResponsesintheNordicWelfareStates 1
IvanHarsløfandRickardUlmestig
2 ChangingPopulationProfilesandSocialRiskStructuresin
theNordicCountries 25
IvanHarsløf,SimoneScarpaandSynøveNygaardAndersen
3 WelfareStateSupportofLoneParents–Nordic
ApproachestoaComplexandAmbiguousPolicyIssue 50
MiaHakovirta,SusanKuivalainenandMinnaRantalaiho
4 WorkingTimePolicyChangeandNewSocialRisks 75
UffeEnokson
5 TheGrowingEmphasisonSocialCitizenshipinNordic
Education:InducingNewSocialRisksWhileTryingto
AlleviateThem 92
AlexandruPanican
6 StructuralUnemploymentasaNewSocialRiskinthe
NordicCountries–ACriticalReassessment 113
ChristianAlbrektLarsen
7 FightingRiskswithRisks:Self-EmploymentandSocial
ProtectionintheNordicWelfareStates 140
RickardUlmestig
8 HealthCapital:NewHealthRisksandPersonal
InvestmentsintheBodyintheContextofChanging
NordicWelfareStates 165
KristianLarsen,MalcolmP.CutchinandIvanHarsløf
v
vi Contents
9 EthnificationofNewSocialRisks:Programmesfor
PreparingNewlyArrivedImmigrantsfor(Working)Lifein
Sweden,DenmarkandNorway 189
ArianaGuilhermeFernandes
10 NewGeographicallyDifferentiatedConfigurationsof
SocialRisks:LabourMarketPolicyDevelopmentsin
SwedenandFinland 220
SimoneScarpa
11 ALiberalisticHandlingofNewSocialRisks–Danish
ExperiencesfromThreeDecadesofSocialPolicyReforms 245
IverHornemannMøller
12 Discussion:TheTakeonNewSocialRisksintheNordic
WelfareStates 266
RickardUlmestigandIvanHarsløf
Index 282
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Shareofemployedpersonswithlessthanoneyearof
jobtenure,2005,percent 29
2.2 Employmentinservices,percentoftotalemployment 30
2.3 Employmentinknowledge-intensiveservicesasshareof
totalemployment,2003,percent 31
2.4 Shareofyoungadultswhocompleteuppersecondary
programmesnolaterthantwoyearsaftertheordinary
durationoftheirprogramme,2009,percent 32
2.5 Youth/adultunemploymentratios,1991,2000
and2010 33
2.6 Shareofpersonsincivilianlabourforce(aged26–56)
withworkexperiencefromabroad,2010,percent 34
2.7 Foreignpopulation,1984–2009,percent 35
2.8 Permanentinflowsofimmigrants,bycategory
ofentry,2009 36
2.9 Ratiobetweentheemploymentratesofimmigrantsand
native-bornindividualsaged15–64years,2008 37
2.10 At-risk-of-povertyratebycountryofbirth,2010 38
2.11 Femaleemploymentrate,1970–2011 39
2.12 Employmentamongfamilieswithchildrenaged0–14,
byfamilytype,2007,percent 40
2.13 Crudedivorcerates,1970and2008 41
2.14 Single-parenthouseholds,ofallhouseholds,2004–2010 42
2.15 Out-of-wedlockbirths,1980and2004,percent 42
2.16 Single-parenthouseholdswithminorchildren
at-risk-of-povertybutnotseverelymateriallydeprived
andnotlivinginahouseholdwithlowworkintensity,
2005and2010,percent 44
4.1 Timeconflicts,dissatisfactionandtimebalance,by
differentgroupsofEuropeancountries,percent 76
6.1 UnemploymentratesintheNordiccountries 115
10.1 UrbanpopulationandtotalpopulationinFinland,
1950–2010 226
vii
viii ListofFiguresandTables
10.2 UrbanpopulationandtotalpopulationinSweden,
1950–2010 226
10.3 UnemploymentrateinSwedenasawhole,inthe
municipalitywiththehighestvalueandinthe
municipalitywiththelowestvalue,aspercentofthe
population16–64yearsofage,1996–2010 234
10.4 UnemploymentrateinFinlandasawhole,inthe
municipalitywiththehighestvalueandinthe
municipalitywiththelowestvalue,aspercentoflabour
force,1996–2010 234
Tables
3.1 ChildbenefitsintheNordiccountries(2010) 54
3.2 ChildmaintenancepaymentsinNordiccountriesin
mid-2000 57
3.3 Publicsupportforfamily–workreconciliationinNordic
countriesin2010 60
3.4 Socialassistancerulesregardinglone-parent
families(2010) 66
4.1 Problemsandsolutionspresentedasmotivesforthe
Swedishworkingtimepoliciesinfourhistoricalperiods 85
6.1 Reasonsforlong-termunemploymentbasedonthe
judgementoftheunemployedthemselves.Cross-cut
Denmark1994and1999.Percentaffirmative 121
6.2 Labourmarketstatus1999andaveragenumberof
monthsinordinaryemploymentbetween1994and
1999amongDanishlong-termunemployedin1994.
Totalsampleanddistributedbylevelofeducation 123
6.3 Monthsinordinaryemploymentbetween1994and
1999amonglong-termunemployedin1994.
Distributedbyeducation,sex,ageandhealth.
MCA-analysis 125
6.4 Monthsinordinaryemploymentbetween1994and
1999amongthelong-termunemployedin1994.
Distributedbytimeoflastordinaryjob(priortotimeof
interview1994),sex,ageandeducationlevel.
MCA-analysis 129
6.5 Causesofearlyretirement(status1999–disability
pensionnotincluded)amonglong-termunemployedin
ListofFiguresandTables ix
1994.Totalanddistributedbyindicationofvoluntaryor
notvoluntarychoice.Percent 133
7.1 Compensationforincomelostinconnectionwith
parentalleave 152
7.2 Healthinsurancewithoutoptionalinsurance 153
7.3 BasicandlabourmarketpensionsintheNordic
welfarestates 154
7.4 UnemploymentbenefitsintheNordicwelfarestates 156
7.5 Summaryofsystemsforriskmanagementfor
self-employed 157
9.1 Mainelementsoftheintroductoryprogrammein
Sweden,DenmarkandNorwayasarticulatedinpolicy
documentsandnationallegislation(translation
provided) 197
10.1 GeographicalconcentrationindexofGDPandGini
indexofregionalGDP,2005andchange1995–2005,
selectedOECDcountries 221