Changing Images of Civil Society

236 Pages·2010·1.103 MB·English

by  Bruno Jobert, Beate Kohler-Koch

Changing Images of Civil Society
Civil society has become one of the key parts of the reference framework for
governance, seeking to replace traditional public action in which representative
democracy is combined with bureaucratic implementation. The success of the
civil-society myth contrasts with and consequently manifests itself in the prob-
lems of political and social legitimacy and representation.
This book assesses the shift in the meaning and application of civil society,
from citizen protests to its incorporation into public action. It examines the
diversity of interpretations and uses of civil society in different political contexts
and seeks to understand the reasons for its surfacing and its multiple forms in
political discourse. The authors critically analyse and compare how different
types of regimes in countries such as Italy, France and the UK, Poland and
Czechoslovakia, South Africa, China, India and Chile have incorporated or
otherwise responded to the new discourse.
Analysing the surfacing and uses of civil society, this book will be of interest
to students and scholars of political science, analysts, policy-makers, non-profit
think tanks and organisations interested in comparative international studies on
the third sector.
Bruno Jobert is a senior researcher (emeritus) at the Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, France. Beate Kohler-Koch is Professor at the Inter-
national Graduate School of the Social Sciences, Bremen, and former Chair for
International Relations and European Affairs at the University of Mannheim,
Germany.
Routledge studies in governance and public policy
1 Public Sector Ethics 7 Politicization of the Civil Service
Finding and implementing values in Comparative Perspective
Edited by Charles Sampford and The quest for control
Noel Preston with Edited by B. Guy Peters and
Carol-Anne Bois Jon Pierre
2 Ethics and Political Practice 8 Urban Governance and
Perspectives on legislative ethics Democracy
Edited by Noel Preston and Leadership and community
Charles Sampford with involvement
Carol-Anne Bois Edited by Michael Haus,
Hubert Heinelt and
3 Why Does Policy Change? Murray Stewart
Lessons from British transport
policy 1945–99 9 Legitimacy and Urban
Jeremy Richardson and Governance
Geoffrey Dudley A cross-national comparative
study
4 Social Relations and Social Edited by Hubert Heinelt,
Exclusion David Sweeting and
Rethinking political economy Panagiotis Getimis
Peter Somerville
10 The Idea of Public Service
5 Local Partnerships and Social Reflections on the higher civil
Exclusion in the European service in Britain
Union Barry O’Toole
New forms of local social
governance? 11 Changing Images of Civil
Edited by Mike Geddes and Society
John Benington From protest to governance
Edited by Bruno Jobert and
6 Local Governance in England Beate Kohler-Koch
and France
Alistair Cole and Peter John
Changing Images of Civil
Society
From protest to governance
Edited by Bruno Jobert and
Beate Kohler-Koch
First published 2008
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
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© 2008 Selection and editorial matter, Bruno Jobert and Beate Kohler-
Koch; individual chapters, the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Changing images of civil society: from protest to government/edited by
Bruno Jobert and Beate Kohler-Koch.
p. cm. – (Routledge studies in governance and public policy; 11)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Civil society. 2. Civil society–Case studies. I. Jobert, Bruno. II.
Kohler-Koch, Beate, 1941–
JC337.C527 2008
300–dc22 2007052259
ISBN 0-203-89475-8 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 10: 0-415-46614-8 (hbk)
ISBN 10: 0-203-89475-8 (ebk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-46614-1 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-203-89475-0 (ebk)
Contents
List of illustrations vii
Notes on contributors viii
Preface xi
PART I
Civil society and politics: contending frameworks and
democratic deficits 1
1 Contending civil-society frameworks: beyond the tutelary
model 3
BRUNO JOBERT
2 Framing civil society: lessons from Eastern Europe 16
JOHN K. GLENN
3 A democracy bereft of parties: anti-political uses of civil
society in Italy 32
ALFIO MASTROPAOLO
4 A social democratic model of civil society? 47
DAG WOLLEBÆK AND PER SELLE
5 Civil-society debates in India: civil society against political
society? 70
BRUNO JOBERT
6 China: creating civil-society structures top-down? 87
THOMAS HEBERER
vi Contents
PART II
Civil society and public policies: dilemmas and ambiguities 105
7 Incantations and uses of civil society by the European
Commission 107
HÉLÈNE MICHEL
8 State, civil society and public policy in Chile today 120
RAÚL URZÚA
9 Activating civil society: differentiated citizen involvement in
France and the United Kingdom 133
JACQUES DE MAILLARD
10 Civil society and participatory governance in South Africa:
the quest for socioeconomic equity in the post-apartheid era 151
KONSTANTINOS PAPADAKIS
PART III
Civil society and governance: theoretical appraisals 175
11 Assessing the claims of ‘post-parliamentary’ governance: few
certainties, much more open questions 177
YANNIS PAPADOPOULOS
12 It’s about participation, stupid.Is it? – civil-society concepts in
comparative perspective 195
STEFANIE EDLER-WOLLSTEIN AND BEATE KOHLER-KOCH
Index 215
Illustrations
Figures
4.1 Organizational participation in European countries 54
4.2 Proportion of population affiliated with different types of
associations 57
4.3 Average number of organizational memberships 1980–2004,
by age group 59
4.4 Active memberships and volunteering in organizations
1997–2004 60
4.5 The orientation of local voluntary associations by year of
founding. Moving 15-year averages 62
4.6 Public perceptions of the role of voluntary organizations in
civil society, by age 64
Tables
2.1 Competing framing strategies and networks, Poland 22
2.2 Competing framing strategies and networks, Czechoslovakia 25
4.1 Approaches to civil society 49
9.1 Three conceptions of state–civil society relations 137
9.2 Three institutional uses of civil society 139
12.1 Concepts of civil society in perspective 200
Contributors
Jacques de Maillardis Professor of Political Science at the University of Rouen
and researcher at PACTE (Grenoble). His main research interests are crime
prevention policies at the local level and justice and home affairs policies at the
European Union level. He recently published Réformer l’action publique, 2004,
and co-edited (with A. Smith) ‘Union européenne et sécurité intérieure: institu-
tionnalisation et fragmentation’, Politique européenne, 23, 2007.
Stefanie Edler-Wollstein has studied Political Science at The University of
Mannheim and The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. She has worked on
questions of ethnicity and nationalism.
John K. Glenn is Director of Foreign Policy at the German Marshall Fund of
the United States, and a visiting scholar at the Paul H. Nitze School of
Advanced International Studies of The Johns Hopkins University. He is the
author of Framing Democracy: Civil Society and Civic Movements in
Eastern Europe, 2001, and co-editor of The Power and Limits of NGOs: A
Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, 2002,
as well as numerous articles in scholarly journals and publications.
Thomas Heberer is Professor of Political Science/East Asian Politics at the
University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany with long-term experience in China.
Among his recent publications in English are: Doing Business in Rural
China. Liangshan’s New Ethnic Entrepreneurs, 2007; Rural China, Eco-
nomic and Social Change in the Late Twentieth Century, 2006 (with Jie Fan
and Wolfgang Taubmann); The Power of Ideas. Intellectual Input and Polit-
ical Change in East and Southeast Asia, 2006 (with Claudia Derichs, ed.);
and Private Entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam. Social and Political Func-
tioning of Strategic Groups, 2003.
Bruno Jobertis senior researcher at the CNRS. He works in PACTE, a research
centre attached to the Institut d’Études Politiques of Grenoble. He has
worked on the role of discourses and ideas in public policies. See Létat en
action, 1987 (with Pierre Muller); Le tournant neo libéral en Europe, 1994
(with Jacques Commaille, eds); Les métamorphoses de la régulation poli-
tique, 1998.
Contributors ix
Beate Kohler-Koch is Professor at the International Graduate School of the
Social Sciences, Bremen, and former Chair for International Relations and
European Affairs at The University of Mannheim. She is coordinator of the
Network of Excellence ‘CONNEX’ on Efficient and Democratic Governance
in a Multi-level Europe. She has published widely on European integration
and EU governance. Her most recent publications include The ‘Governance
Turn’ in EU Studies, 2006 (with B. Rittberger); The Institutional Shaping of
EU-Society Relations: A Contribution to Democracy via Participation, 2007
(with B. Finke); Debating the Democratic Legitimacy of the European
Union, 2007 (edited with B. Rittberger); A Decade of Research on EU Multi-
level Governance, forthcoming 2008 (edited with F. Larat).
Alfio Mastropaolo is Professor at the University of Turin and Director of the
Department of Political Studies. He published extensively on the crisis of
Italian democracy, on populism and antipolitics. See Antipolica, L’Ancora,
2000; La mucca pazza della democrazia. Nuove destre, populismo, antipolit-
ica, 2004; Il Parlamento. Le assemble legislative nelle democrazie contempo-
ranee, 2005 (with L. Verzichelli).
Hélène Michelis maître de conferences in political science at the University of
Lille II and researcher at the Groupe de Sociologie Politique Européenne
(GSPE-PRISME), laboratory of Sciences Po Strasbourg. Her main research
deals with interest groups and the policy of European institutions toward civil
society. She recently published Lobbyistes et lobbying de l’Union
européenne, 2005. She also contributed to Déloye, Dictionnaire des élections
européennes/Encyclopaedia of European Elections, 2006.
Konstantinos Papadakisis a researcher at the International Institute for Labour
Studies (IILS) of the International Labour Organisation (ILO, Geneva). His
recent publications include: Civil Society, Participatory Governance and
Decent Work Objectives: the Case of South Africa, 2006, and ‘Socially sus-
tainable development and participatory governance: legal and political
aspects’ (Discussion Paper), 2006.
Yannis Papadopoulos is Professor of Public Policy at the University of Lau-
sanne. He recently co-edited with Arthur Benz, Governance and Democracy:
National, European and International Perspectives, 2006. He is also co-
editor with Philippe Warin of a special issue of the European Journal of
Political Research on ‘Innovative, participatory, and deliberative procedures
in policy-making: democratic and effective?’, and with Arthur Benz and
Carol Harlow of a special issue of the European Law Journal on ‘Account-
ability in the EU multi-level system’, 2007.
Per Selle is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bergen in
Norway. Among his publications are ‘Limits of civil society voluntary
organizations, and the Norwegian welfare state: from mutual trust to contract-
ing?’ 2003 (with Magne Eikås); ‘Participation and social capital formation: