Table Of ContentCOPYRIGHTED
by
NICOLAAS BENJAMIN STHYDOM
1951
^
CHANGES IN CARDIAC OUTPUT WITH
PROGRESSIVE WORK
BY
NICOLAAS BENJAMIN STRYDOM
B.Ed.Ph., Stellenbosch, South Africa, 1945
M.S., University of Illinois, 1948
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
IN THE GRADUATE COLLEGE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 1960
UUBANA, ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
THE GRADUATE COLLEGE
August 1. JL950
I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY
SUPERVISION BY Nlcolaaa Benjamin Strydom
ENTITLED Changes in Rardlac Output with Progeasive Work
BE ACCEPTED* AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF Dor.f.rrr nf Philosophy -In Phy.g1r.al Education
—~" "") In Charfefe of Thesis
V.zV>
Head of Department
Recommendation concurred inf
Committee
^^ 'AM
on
^hy^^f
Final Examinationi
* Subject to successful final examination in the case of the doctorate.
t Required for doctor's degree but not for master's.
6M—12-48—40199K
PREFACE
Ever since 1946 when the author, as Instructor, came in direct
contact with physical fitness tests at the Physical Training Brigade,
Kimberley, South Africa, he has been extremely interested in this
phase of physical education. The tests used there were mainly those
developed by Dr. T. K. Cureton of the University of Illinois and it
was therefore obvious why the author picked this university as the
institution for taking up more advanced studies in the area of tests
and measurements. Under the able guidance of Drs. Cureton, Staley
and Stafford, the author became acquainted with the most modern
equipment, facilities and techniques of research, an opportunity
which will always be appreciated.
Of all the different physical fitness measurements, the
cardiovascular tests were the most fascinating. When cardiac output
determinations were first introduced in the Physical Fitness
Research Laboratory, the author was an all too eager and willing
subject. The present study is an outgrowth of this interest plus
bhe suggestions of my advisor, Dr. T. K. Cureton. It was attacked
with the sincere hope of making a contribution to the basic evalu
ation of cardiovascular measurements.
The study is presented in the following manner: The Intro
ductory chapter briefly outlines the scope of the problem, its
limitations and significance. Chapter Two gives a review of the
literature, concentrating more on the development of methods of
measuring cardiac output plus an evaluation of each. The -third
Chapter describes the methods and procedures followed in collecting
the present data. . In Chapter Four the data are represented and
analyzed, while the final Chapter concerns itself with the con
clusions and recommendations which grew out of the study.
This manuscript would never have been possible without the
assistance and direction of Dr. T. K. Cureton who also generously
sacrificed much of his valuable time to provide us with first hand
information about the operation and calibration of the bicycle
ergometer. The courtesy of Dr. Janice Smith and Miss Beula McKey,
of the Home Economics Department to make our experiment possible by
loaning the bicycle ergometer, are also highly appreciated.
The author would like to express his sincere thanks to
Jess MacLeay, Jim Ebbeson and especially to Ben Massey for their
excellent cooperation in this project. The many hours which were
spent together, either in testing or in detailed discussion on the
problems involved, were most pleasant and invigorating. Other'
members of the Physical Fitness Research Laboratory also deserve
acknowledgement for the numerous services rendered particularly in
the line of blood analysis. Last but not least, the author would
like to thank his wife, Tillie, who did the typing and without
whose continual encouragements this study would never have been
completed.
Nicolaas B. Strydom
Urbana, Illinois
August, 1950
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ii
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Cardiac Output as a Test for Physical Fitness. . 2
Statement of Problem 5
Limitations 8
Significance of this Study 10
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12
General Statement 12
Methods Based on the Fick Principle 13
The Foreign Gas Methods 1§
A. The Nitrous Oxide Method 16
B. Tile Ethyl Iodide Method 20
C. The Ethylene Method 21
D. The Acetylene Method 22
The Catheterization Method 36
The Ballistocardiographic Method J4L0
The Roentgenkymographic Method ij.2
The Physical or Sphygmomanoinetric Method . . .. if.3
III. METHODOLOGY 50
Experimental Setup $0
Data for Minute Volume Determinations £l
Rebreathing Procedure 5£
The Experimental Procedure $0
Gas Analysis £0
Indices of Cardiovascular Condition 60
Scoring of Data 62
IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF DATA ' 61].
Resting Data Sl\.
Exercise Data 6lj_
Cardiac Output, Oxygen Intake and Progressive
Work 67
Pulse Rate, Stroke Volume and Progressive V/ork . 68
R.Q., A-V Difference and Progressive Work. . .. 69
A-V Difference and Pulse Rate 70
Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure 70
Cardiovascular Indices Related to Cardiac out
put 71
The Tigerstedt Index 72
The Stone Index 72
The Gale Formula 73
Page
The Erlanger-Hooker Index 73
The Barach Index 7k-
The Blood Data 74-
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 96
Summary 9°
Concltisions 97
Recommendations 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY 101
VITA 115
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. General Setup of Experiment. 7
II. Collecting Expired Gas in Douglas Bags and taking
Blood Pressures during Exercise 53
III. Taking Samples for the Grollman Acetylene Method
of Determining Cardiac Output 5k-
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Basic Data 65
I B. Quiet Sitting Data 66
II. Blood Analysis Data 75
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart Page
1. Oxygen Intake and Minute Volume • 27
2. Changes in Minute Volume of the Heart with Progres
sive Work Loads . . . . . . . .. 79
3. Increase in Oxygen Volume of the Heart with Pro
gressive Work Loads 80
I|.. Oxygen Intake Related to Minute Volume 8l
5. Changes in Pulse Rate and Stroke Volume with Pro
gressive Work Loads 82
6. Changes in A-V Difference with Progressive Work Loads 83
7. Changes in R.Q. with Progressive V/ork Slj_
8. A-V Difference Related to Pulse Rate 85
9. Heart Minute Volume and Pulse Rate 86
10. Changes in Blood Pressure with Progressive Work
Subject J. E 87
Page
11. Changes in Blood Pressure with Progressive Work
Subject J.M 88
12. Changes in Blood Pressure with Progressive V/ork
Subject N.S 89
13. The Relation Between Heart Minute Volume and
Tigerstedt Index. .- 90
lk. Heart Minute Volume Related to Stone Index. . . .. 91
15. Gale Formula Related to Heart Minute Volume . . .. 92
16. Relationship Between Erlanger-Hooker Index and
Heart Minute Volume during Exercise 93
17. Heart Minute Volume Related to Barach Index. . .. 94-
18. White Cell Count Increase with Progressive Work
Loads 95>
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Physical education is, comparatively speaking, in an early
stage of development. In contrast to medicine, chemistry or physics,
there still are numerous fictitious conceptions in and about physi
cal education. The value of physical exercise to physical fitness,
especially to that of the middle age group, has not been proven
extensively. Some of the tests and measurements within this field
has been used for years without any proof of their validity. The
practical side has overshadowed the scientific one, and we have as
a profession not completely grasped the idea that in order to be
successful our thoughts should always preceed our deeds.
Fortunately there are a few Institutions where physical
education Is tackled systematically, and where the main goal is the
development of competent research workers, as well as to evaluate
some of the more commonly used fitness tests. One area which has
received considerable attention during the past two decades, as far
as evaluation is concerned is that of cardiovascular tests.
Flanagan made a validation study on the Tuttle Pulse Ratio Test,
using an "endurance index", viz. the ratio of the time for the
220-yard run to that of a 60-yard dash, as criterion. He found a
good correlation (-.51, N=56) between the weight-equated pulse
•^K. Flanagan, "The Pulse-Ratio Test as a Measure of Athletic
Endurance in Sprint Running," Supplement to the Research Quarterly
October, 1935, Vol. VI, No. 3, Pp. 46-50.
