Chamomile: Industrial Profiles (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

279 Pages·2005·33.86 MB·English

by  Rolf Franke

Chamomile
Industrial Profiles
Edited by Rolf Franke and Heinz Schilcher
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
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Published in 2005 by
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© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-33463-2 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-33463-1 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2004061667
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chamomile : industrial profiles / edited by Rolf Franke and Heinz Schilcher
p. cm. -- (Medicinal and aromatic plants--industrial profiles ; v. 42)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-33463-2 (alk. paper)
1. German chamomile--Therapeutic use. I. Franke, Rolf. II. Series.
RS165.C24C48 2004
615'32399--dc222004061667
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Preface to the Series
There is increasing interest in industry, academia, and the health sciences in medicinal and aromatic
plants. In passing from plant production to the eventual product used by the public, many sciences
are involved. This series brings together information that is currently scattered through an ever-
increasing number of journals. Each volume gives an in-depth look at one plant genus, about which
an area specialist has assembled information ranging from the production of the plant to market
trends and quality control.
Many industries are involved, such as forestry, agriculture, chemicals, food, flavor, beverage,
pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and fragrance. The plant raw materials are roots, rhizomes, bulbs, leaves,
stems, barks, wood, flowers, fruits, and seeds. These yield gums, resins, essential (volatile) oils,
fixed oils, waxes, juices, extracts, and spices for medicinal and aromatic purposes. All these
commodities are traded worldwide. A dealer’s market report for an item may say “drought in the
country of origin has forced up prices.”
Natural products do not mean safe products, and account of this has to be taken by the above
industries, which are subject to regulation. For example, a number of plants that are approved for
use in medicine must not be used in cosmetic products.
The assessment of “safe to use” starts with the harvested plant material, which has to comply
with an official monograph. This may require absence of, or prescribed limits of, radioactive
material, heavy metals, aflatoxin, pesticide residue, as well as the required level of active principle.
This analytical control is costly and tends to exclude small batches of plant material. Large-scale,
contracted, mechanized cultivation with designated seed or plantlets is now preferable.
Today, plant selection is not only for the yield of active principle, but for the plant’s ability to
overcome disease, climatic stress, and the hazards caused by mankind. Such methods as in vitro
fertilization, meristem cultures, and somatic embryogenesis are used. The transfer of sections of
DNA is giving rise to controversy in the case of some end uses of the plant material.
Some suppliers of plant raw material are now able to certify that they are supplying organically
farmed medicinal plants, herbs, and spices. The Economic Union directive CVO/EU No. 2092/91
details the specifications for the obligatory quality controls to be carried out at all stages of
production and processing of organic products.
Fascinating plant folklore and ethnopharmacology lead to medicinal potential. Examples are the
muscle relaxants based on the arrow poison, curare, from species of Chondrodendron, and the
antimalarials derived from species of Cinchona and Artemisia. The methods of detection of phar-
macological activity have become increasingly reliable and specific, frequently involving enzymes
in bioassays and avoiding the use of laboratory animals. By using bioassay-linked fractionation of
crude plant juices or extracts, compounds can be specifically targeted which, for example, inhibit
blood platelet aggregation, or have antitumor, or antiviral, or any other required activity. With the
assistance of robotic devices, all the members of a genus may be readily screened. However, the
plant material must be fully authenticated by a specialist.
The medicinal traditions of ancient civilizations such as those of China and India have a large
armamentarium of plants in their pharmacopoeias that are used throughout Southeast Asia. A similar
situation exists in Africa and South America. Thus, a very high percentage of the world’s population
relies on medicinal and aromatic plants for their medicine. Western medicine is also responding.
Already in Germany all medical practitioners have to pass an examination in phytotherapy before
being allowed to practice. It is noticeable that medical, pharmacy, and health-related schools
throughout Europe and the United States are increasingly offering training in phytotherapy.
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Multinational pharmaceutical companies have become less enamored of the single compound,
magic-bullet cure. The high costs of such ventures and the endless competition from “me-too”
compounds from rival companies often discourage the attempt. Independent phytomedicine com-
panies have been very strong in Germany. However, by the end of 1995, 11 (almost all) had been
acquired by the multinational pharmaceutical firms, acknowledging the lay public’s growing
demand for phytomedicines in the Western world.
The business of dietary supplements in the Western world has expanded from the health store to
the pharmacy. Alternative medicine includes plant-based products. Appropriate measures to ensure
their quality, safety, and efficacy either already exist or are being answered by greater legislative
control by such bodies as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the recently created European
Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products based in London.
In the United States, the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 recognized the
class of phytotherapeutic agents derived from medicinal and aromatic plants. Furthermore, under
public pressure, the U.S. Congress set up an Office of Alternative Medicine, which in 1994 assisted
the filing of several Investigational New Drug (IND) applications, required for clinical trials of
some Chinese herbal preparations. The significance of these applications was that each Chinese
preparation involved several plants and yet was handled as a single IND. A demonstration of the
contribution to efficacy of each ingredient of each plant was not required. This was a major step
toward more sensible regulations in regard to phytomedicines.
My thanks are due to the staff of CRC Press who have made this series possible and especially
to the volume editors and their chapter contributors for the authoritative information.
Dr. Roland Hardman
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Preface
For more than 2000 years, preparations of chamomile flowers count among the medicinal treasures
of various cultural groups. Since ancient times, the chamomile has survived the storms of time as
well as different trends in the art of healing throughout the world.
It is certainly one of the most fascinating medicinal plants of our globe, although the “True
chamomile,” often called “German chamomile,” is native only to Europe and the Near East, but
naturalized in many other regions too. There are only a few medicinal plants with a millennium-lasting
successful therapeutic use that can claim to be part of a wide interdisciplinary scientific research.
Over 100 years ago, the first attempts in cultivation and breeding were made and these are still
up to date. In 1921, Chemiewerke Homburg received the patent for the first chamomile extract.
Today, university and industrial research groups work on the optimal extraction and optimal stability
of the ingredients that have an influence on the efficacy in different galenic preparations. The
relatively good findings on hydrophilic and lipophilic ingredients are not finalized yet, as the recent
analytic results show.
As other modern pharmacopoeae, the European Pharmacopoeia in its 5th edition (published
in February 2004) determines minimum and maximum values for three ingredients that have an
influence on the efficacy of the essential chamomile oil and require a test for the so-called
“chromatographic profile” by gas chromatography (GCP).
Chamomile flowers are also interesting objects for the research of the biosynthesis of mono-
and sesquiterpenes.
Of great interest are naturally the numerous tests on efficacy and safety studies of chamomile
flower preparations. They shall serve as scientifically well-founded confirmations of therapeutic
reports from prescientific times and also for precision of application fields and correct dosage.
Here, too, chamomile flower preparations and essential chamomile flower oil have a special position.
In the 1930s, pharmacological studies with chamazulen and chamomile flower extracts were
realized and were confirmed later on with modified testing methods of a more recent date. Only very
few medicinal plants exist, of which a similarly high number of qualified pharmacological or exper-
imental studies are available. There are also a surprising number of clinical studies; most of which,
however, do not correspond to the GCP test design, as they were conducted before the GCP test
design was developed in 1994. Whether these clinical studies, realized between 1960 and 1992, are
less meaningful is questionable because they are of high scientific level. A similar case is the reported
allergenic potential of chamomile flowers, particularly if the myriad uses of chamomile flower
preparations are taken into account.
When Roland Hardman suggested that we edit a book for his series Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants — Industrial Profiles, we accepted with pleasure, although we are aware that “chamomile”
has many faces. Therefore, it was our aim to involve various competent persons from different
specialized fields and countries.
The present compendium, Chamomile: Industrial Profiles, provides an interdisciplinary inven-
tory of the scientific level of knowledge about “True chamomile” as well as Roman chamomile
and shall discuss controversial questions too.
We would like to thank the co-authors for their factual, well-founded articles, the project
coordinators for their friendly support, and CRC Press for the printing of this compendium. Finally,
we would like to thank all the people who contributed to the success of the cultivation and use of
this fascinating plant.
Rolf Franke and Heinz Schilcher
Munich, April 2005
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Contributors
Dr. sc. Rolf Franke, Salus Haus Dr. med. Otto Greither Nachf. GmbH & Co. KG, Bahnhofstraβe
24, D-83052 Bruckmühl/Obb., Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr. med h.c. Heinz Schilcher, Zaumberg 25, D-87509 Immenstadt/Allgäu,
Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Jeno¨ Bernáth, Corvinus University, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Department of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Villányi str., 29, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Horst Böttcher, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, EmilAbderhaldenStr. 25 b, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Reinhold Carle, Hohenheim University, Institute of Food Technology, Department
of Plant Foodstuff Technology, Garbenstraβe 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Tamer Fahmi, 32 Abdallah Ben Taher St., Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
e-mail: [email protected]
Norberto R. Fogola, Av. Gral. Chenaut 1757 Piso 9 B, RA-1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Susanne Goeters, c/o Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straβe
65, D-88397 Biberach/Riβ, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Peter Imming, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-
Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Dus˘an Jedínak, Mierova 20, SK-06401 Stará L’ubovn˘a, Slovakia
Ingeborg Günther, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-
Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 25 b, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Hans-Jürgen Hannig, Martin Bauer GmbH & Co. KG, Dutendorfer Straβe 5-7, D-91487
Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr.-Ing. Albert Heindl, Marktplatz 5, D-84048 Mainburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Jozef Holubár˘, Úst˘rední kontrolní a zkus˘ební ústav zeme˘de˘lsk´y, Hroznova 3, CZ-65606
Brno, Czech Republic
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Prof. Dr. Éva Németh, Corvinus University, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants;
Villányi str., 29, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Viliam Oravec, 17. Novembra 32, SK-064 01 Stará L’ubovn˘a, Slovakia
e-mail: [email protected]
Viliam Oravec, Jr., Helsinska 5, SK-04000 Kos˘ice, Slovakia
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Andreas Plescher, Pharmaplant GmbH, Straβe am Westbahnhof, D-06556 Artern, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Asst. Prof. Dr. Miroslav Repc˘ák, Department of Experimental Botany and Genetics, Príro-
dovedecká fakulta, Universitat P.J. S˘afarik, Mánesova 23, SK-04154 Ko˘sice, Slovakia
e-mail: [email protected]
L’ubomír S˘ebo, 17. Novembra 7, SK-06401 Stará L’ubovn˘a, Slovakia
Ivan Varga, Veterna 11, SK-92027 Hlohovec, Slovakia
Eduardo Weldt S., Puelche S.A., P.O. Box 902, Los Angeles, Chile
e-mail: [email protected]
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Rolf Franke
Chapter 2
Legal Situation of German Chamomile: Monographs
Heinz Schilcher
Chapter 3
Plant Sources
Rolf Franke
Chapter 4
Active Chemical Constituents of Matricaria chamomilla L. syn. Chamomilla recutita
(L.) Rauschert
Heinz Schilcher, Peter Imming, and Susanne Goeters
Chapter 5
Cultivation
Rolf Franke with cooperation of Jenö Berna´th, Tamer Fahmi, Norberto R. Fogola,
Du˘san Jed´inak, Hans-Jürgen Hannig, Josef Holubár˘, Éva Németh, Viliam Oravec,
Viliam Oravec, Jr., Miroslav Repc˘ák, L’ubomir S˘ebo, Ivan Varga, and
Eduardo Weldt S.
Chapter 6
Abiotic and Biotic Stress Affecting the Common Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.)
and the Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L. syn. Anthemis nobilis L.)
Andreas Plescher
Chapter 7
Raw Plant Material and Postharvest Technology
Horst Böttcher and Ingeborg Günther
Chapter 8
Processing of Raw Material
Horst Böttcher and Ingeborg Günther with cooperation of Reinhold Carle and Albert Heindl
Chapter 9
Storage of the Dry Drug
Horst Böttcher and Ingeborg Günther
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Chapter 10
Chemical Analysis of the Active Principles of Chamomile
Heinz Schilcher, Peter Imming, and Susanne Goeters
Chapter 11
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Heinz Schilcher, Peter Imming, and Susanne Goeters
Chapter 12
Traditional Use and Therapeutic Indications
Heinz Schilcher
Copyright © 2005 CRC Press, LLC