CGP GSCE Physics AQA Revision Guide 17/06/2018

120 Pages·2017·28.11 MB·English

by  CGP

» CGP,

GCSE Physics

I Soya N@Y:W (@xaclol-mo ep)

The Revision Guide
What to Expect in the Exams

Before you et cracking wita your reson heres a hendy guds te what yo.’ Ihave t face inthe xa:
‘andthe epacil Festurs ofthe beok that weve ele escecally to nep you You're weko-me

© Topics are Covered in Different Papers

For GCSE Phys, youl sit we exam Time ‘Macks Tops Assessed
ages a the gad of 0.4 0.186, —e nicer ioe ERETES
2 [thas rin | 100) 6,7 and

@) There are Different Question Types

in each exam yo. bo enpscted ta arever a midtute of mtg chee ston tracuned questions,
questions that have sor, clea actmer a vol a: oper rescance ques or

For some apencesonse questors, youll =e [Always ale sre
rmatked onthe overall qualty of cur ane V. You znover the quan uly

rok jt ie sabi orth, Sou Yeh deals lca foal

ow ansaisle and fas a log ca stuctuce

@ You'll be Tested on yonr Maths...

AA least 40% the total mack fo> GCSE Physi
wel cme fram questo: tht test your maths ils
For these cwestiens aba remeber a

Voc thes ante agin i bck
Bisa iinet yet eter ten

+ Show your nasing — you coud get ears fo this, even yous Final anaes wong
+ Check that dhe unts of your amaver ve the
+ PAske ste your amare is gir 9 am apsoprate swbe of sgn can igees

ime as the ones they aked fir I the gue

@ ...and on your Practical Skills
{GCSE Fayses Conve 10 ened pinta cists

‘You can be assed abu: these, and the p-etiel sis inched them ne exams

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errors
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i. aot ir. ara vactical activicies and practical skills.
“anétholeawhlesetin ov the spaatatus ard inethed), make predictions, male or interpret results.

© You'll need ta know about Working Scientifically
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Put a rocket under your revision with CGP!

SE Physics isnt the easiest subject on Earth, and that’s putting it mildly
weczed the facts, theory and practical skills yo. need into this CGP took —
plus exam practice questions to put your new-found Physies Krowledge to the test

CGP — still the best! ©

Dur sole airr sete at CGP is to produce the hizhest quality acoks —
careiully wrizen, mmaculatey presented and dangercusly close to being funny.

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Contents

Worlking Scientifically ‘Topic 3— Particle Model of Matter
The Seti thd en $ Dany of Mattie nnn 8
Genetics Oras Camel by Screed eal Eng ard Chaige af fae 9
Pike sewoncn3 See at : 40
Designing liga momo 4 Pai Mocn in Gases. —
olen Dat. 5 2
Precesing and Presenting Dittman
Units an Equations 8 Topic 4—Atomle Structure
Drnsy Cordaive 2} Dswdopng te Mace ofthe Atom a
iar i Eodur PAO lops ane Neckar Ration socsenrnnnnen dl

Nuclear Equtons 6
‘Topic 1 —Energy aloo : 46
nm See i Sli M1 Baer Ration and Conarivaton 47
Kc and Peel Erg Stenson? UN a tl 8
Sptche Heat 2ptCyeenarmanncnonannaeat) Filer and FUG6h yma nen “9
Cortef Enya Pr 4 Raven Cueto or os 50
Conduction and Contino 5
Reding Unantd Err Warts 16 Tople 5 —Forces
Eeimey WP Carlastand Non-Conoe Fees st
Envy Rusu ind Ue Ute cut8 Wear Mase and Gavin 2
eared eeoeral 19 Basar Fores and Wore Doe 3
Hydro-dletricty, Waves and Tides 2 Caledating Forces
Biofuels ard Nor-renewabltinrasnenennannsnendh —— FES and Eas yn
Trends in Energy Resource Use 22 vvestigating
Revsian Questicns foe Tosic 1. 23 ‘Moments.

Fuld Pres.
Topic 2 — Electricity Uh at and Aimaptei Prose
Coan and Cra Sb nnenend ——Ditarce Depart, Speed und oc
Redline and V2 IReoroanncnninnnnnedS eden. :
Resntaer and LW Chace Ge Daren and ety Ti
Cees Doi. Feria Va
Sins Cras New Fis ard Sen Lom
Poralel Greuts lectin wd Neto Third Lane
Instisnng Fait. ©3D Ingmar a
Hetty nthe Home 3
Power Elec Apa cn 2 _
Merson Poet . 233 Moreen Sapirg Dita
he Navona Grid M1 Rarer
Slat ih in Acre =

Elec Fils
Revs Questions fr To

Basen Sustions fr Toric 5
‘Topic 6—Waves

Tranmere and Lengiudica Wave cence 73
Expesmests With Waves 4
Refetiot anne pare
Elecvomagnetic Waves 292 Reba? creme 76
Inventing Lig

Rado Wit nnnnnsn
EM Waves and “hei Uses
‘More Uses of EM Wane.
Dargus of Eeevomagneie Wass,
Lenses,

Images ard Ray Diagra aan
Concave Lenses and Maisto,
Viste Light

Infared Radon and Temperate
Blah Body Ration nn
Sound Wives
Unrasound..
Exploring Structures Usny anes
Revision Question fr Toa 6

‘Topic 7— Magnetism and
Electromagnetism

Pormanent ane Induced Magnets neo 82
Eectomaznetivn, a

The Motor EFect
Eexvie Moters ard Loubpeakos,
The Ceneratr EFet

Generaios and Microphone
Trarafermar
Reston Custos or Tap 7

‘Topic 8 — Space Physics
Tie Lle Cpe f Sarwan si
The Saber Sytem and OF. asnnnsnnnenne OF
Reds ard the Big arg. 102

Revision Coston or Tey 103
Practical Skills

‘Appirates and Tehig itso snninennnenn tA
Working with Eletoris 106
NI sn a 107

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Working Scientifically 1

The Scientific Method

“Thie ovation sent cbout how fo ‘do! coisnoe

uti dose chow you the woy moat aniantizta work
Scientists Come Up With Hypotheses — Then Test Them
1) Scinfits fry fo ezcin things. They ert by vbsarving sorvathing they don't understand. ( )

12) They then ccime up with a hypoltecis — a possible explanation for whe! they've obaerv

£8) The nex sep ist fest whethe> the Hypothesis migh be righ+ or nol. Ti valves mang
prodlotion besed on the hypcthects ard feating W by pathoring evidenvo

sla) from investigations. HF puidence from exosrinenis backs up a prediction,

you're # clap closer fo figuring out the hypothasis i Fue

Several Scientists Will Test a Hypothesis

1) Normally, aciontists share thei Endings in posr-rav.ewed journals. oF et conferences.

2) oer-reviow is uhere other coienists check results and soleniic explanations to make
ure Hey re ‘coiontfe’ (ethit exponents have Loon dove ina sensible way) : :
fore thay published. I help to detec fala cama, but doesn't mean that
findingn are coract — juct that thoy'® rot wrong. in ary obvious way

8) Ono» other svientise have found out about » hypothoste, thoy etart busing thir
‘im predictions on Hand eurry out flr cam experiments. Thay aio try to vn
‘aptalucs the origina experimen to chuck th raults — end ial the axperiments ura ve
in the world backup the bypathesis, shen sclriets start 4o thnk the hypothesie is ie.”

4) Hoover, i sleds an axzeriowrt that ona’ wih the hypothose (and othr exons
‘an ruproduce the results) then the hypothecie mey need to be iofid oF uomupel altogether

If All the Evidence Supports a Hypothesis, It's Accepted — For Now
1) Accepted tupotheses ae often refered foo shecieg, Our oumently

fchepled theories ore the ones that have eurvved iis" by exkdence!

— they've been tested many times over the years endl survived.
2) Howovor theories naver become toby indlaputsble ft. IF raw eskdance comes

slong that oan't bo explsined using tho existing theory, then the hypothasising and
Teoling i They fo slat al over agen, Now neti

Theories Can Involve Different Types of Models

1) A representations model is a simoked description or pinture of what's
‘Eoing on in red life. Lke oll modo, # osn bo weed 40 explsin obcorvationa
snd make pradiotione, &.g. tha Bohr model of an ator ie 2 eimplifiad
wey of showing the arrnyjement of electrons in an wom (see p.€3)

Wear be used lo expla electron. exelaliore i

2) Computational models use computers to make simulations of complex real-life processes, such a6
climate change. They're uced when there area lof of dferent varablog faotore that ohango) to
consider, and beecuse you ean easly chengs thal design to take into aecount new data.

8) Al modele have inition on hal they osn auplain or pesdiol. Fg. foe Big Bang model (a modal used
to deconbe the beginning of the Universe) oan be used fo explain why averything in the Universe io
‘moving away ftom vs. Ons ofits lmitetions i thot i docar't explain the momerta before the Big Bang.

I’m off to the zona to test my hippo-thesi:

The seientifle me:tod ns bees developed ove tine. Aristotle (an Ancient Greek philosopher) was theft

person

to realise tha theorigs noedes tobe based ot observatoas, Ms.im schclas tien iuradsced the ideas of ereting
esting it ard repeating your work Wo cece your seuls. And a chap called Royer Bacon lar
ed! things hurr by writing dawn everythg e dic, so ether scents eal ty to epradce his work

Working Scientifically
2

Communication & Issues Created by Science

ScientiRe developments oan be grec, but they can sorelimes

more questions than they ansiver.
It’s Important to Communicate Scientific Discaveries to the General Public

Soma scientific discoveries shor that propla should ghanga their habits, or they ight provide ideas. that
could be daveloner! into new technalosy. 0 soventists need to fall the word avout ther discoveries,

Redicoolve motile ae veed widely i mdicine for Imaging ond
froaimant (vee p.48}, Information avout thevs materiale needs to
be oommurceted to dactrs eo they oan cake usn of them, and to
Lae, hy car met infor dacsons abut the Sealant

Scientific Evidence can he Presented in a Biased Way |

1) Scientific ducoveies thet are raportad in the anda [e,g. newspapers ot television) acun't puer-reviewed.
2) This means that, even though news stories arv often hnxet on data that has been peer-reviewed, the date
might be prenested in a way that ovat-smpliid oF saniuite, making M Open Yo misintarpretation.

£8) People who want to make « pont ean sorvtines prosunt dina aces wae (Sorvetines without
nating thay'r doing i.) For example, scierie! might overemphasicno rlaionship inthe date, or «
rewspaper article mght eceibe details of dats supporting an idan without ging any evidence aghinal i.

Scientific Developments are Great, but they can Raise Issues

Scientific knowledge in norenaod by doing experiments. Anc this knowledge led 10 scientific developments,
fnew techntogles or new aioe. Theve devapmente oun erate kamus though. Fer example

Economie issues: Sootety can't aways ‘Bocinl isaues: Decisions based on scientific evidence effect
alford Yo do things ealnfsts woommand —_paople — og. should fosel fuel bo foxed more highly?
le. investing in allorntis every ecurews) Would he uff! an pool's Hesiuls by acouplal..

ion aan Seek aa: Environmental acura: Human acivly often affecte the
Porson csunt: ome deostone wl eet halal evzonmen For exaple bultlg adam to
‘ndvidusl. For exams, commons might prose dct ull change tho loco bit 00 aome
‘oppor aliemative «omy, but ject» tpeaie might be placed. But wil oo racuoo out
eb fps ult net fo thb hone Dowd! fr fos fuk vl hp to reduce simste change.

Science Can't Answer Every Question — Especially Ethical Ones

1) We don't understand everyihing. We've chvaye Fndyg ou! mare, but well never kro

2) In order to anewer scientific questions, scientists nead data to provide evden for thei

3) Some qucetians wan't be aneworad yst because the dala can't ourrantly be ooleated,
cor because there's nol evoucl data te suopor a theory,

4) Eventurlly, as we get more evidene, welll never some ofthe questions that quirenty enn't he
‘nawored. c.g. what the impact of global warring on aoa lovela wil bo. Gut thore will chvaya bo the
"ehould wo be doing thio af all2" type queations that experimants oan halp ue Fo answer.

the avawers,

hypotheses.

+ Some paople think thy'ro ood a thay oouldimprave conesnirtion or memory.
eur drag vosld lat peopl thinkin uae boyd the powore of normal brane

+ Other peonle say there bad — thay could give you at unfaearanlage i evar. nd fi) £
tight be prasad ito taking them 80 that trey could work mors effectual, and for langar hours

Tea to milk or milk to tea? — Totally unanswerable by science.

Science ean’ tell ou whether or nt vou stuuld Uo somes. Tuts for you ud soci

lo decide, But ere
1Sof questions science might be ate ta ase, lke where lie cane fom and whete sy sipethenn socks ate

‘Working Scientifically
Risk
‘By reading ths page you are azreving to the rice of a paper eut or severe drowsiness...
Nothing is Completely Risk-Free |

1) Abazard te eomething that could potentially cause harm.

2) A hazards havea isk flac fo thatn — this I he chance thatthe harard wil eause harm.

2) The aks of aome things acer prety abiaua, or weve known aout thom for © hie, ke the vk of
‘oaueing avi ain by polhting tho tmacphore, or of having a car aocksnt when youte traveling in a oar

4) Now lechoclogy ering fom scene advances oan bing naw Hake, og tents are unre whether
‘mnopatices that ae bing sr screens ard auncrears might be harming the al incur bskes
These rinks need tobe coredered laid th banefis ofthe techrdagy. e.g. improved sun protection.

6) You can estimate the vize of a risk based on how many times something happens in a big sample (e.p.
100000 poople) over 1 giver period (vp. your). For exarpe, you could aesues the risk of a driver
crashing by recording how many people a roup of 100000 divers oreehad thl care ver

6) To make o decision about an activity that involves a rsk, we need to take into account the chanoe of
‘tho risk happening and how porious the oneequencoe would be if it did. Go if an otivity involves a rick
‘that's very likely to happen, with gerious consequences HH does, that eetiAty le considered high risk.

People Make Their Own Decisions About Risk |
1) Not ll risks have the same consenuenoes, e.g. if you chop veg with a sharp knife you rik eutting your
finger. but if you go coubo-dving you “ek death, You'o much more koly to out your finger during
hl an hour of chopping than o ds during half an hour of poubs-ching, But most people sre happier
0 acoopt a higher probability of en goon the cousequencos are shorived and fly minor.
2) People tend to be more wiing to atespl a rk i thay choose to do somthing (e420 aeuba diving)
‘compared to having the tisk impaed an thorn (2g. Paving « nuclear power station bul ext door).
8) People's perogpion of risk (how risky they think somethin is) fn eheaye noourate. They tend
4 view fanilar refvies ws owstise and untaniiae acthities ws highwisk — even iT thats nol the
‘case. For example, oyelng on ronds is offen higher, but mery people mre happy Yo do it beosase
‘eo familia novaty. Ae thvel ie achaly roy aula but alt of people poreowe i oa high=iak.
4) People my uraorectinsty the ek of things with ong-lurm or inviiblo efeots, wg. using toning beds.

Investigations Can be Hazardous | mecdees
eet

1) Hazards thom science experiments might includ

+ Lauer, 8 Ifa laoor ke droted info the eyo, this ean eau blindneas,

+ anna radiation, eg, garme-emiling radioactive sources can esuse canoer.

+ Ene, e.g. an unattended Bunsen burner is a fire hazard,

+ Electric, e.g. faulty electroal equipment eouk!clve you s shock.

22) Pact of planning un investigation i making curs thet ts safe. Ets

8) You should avays make sure tho! you identify all he hezards that you might encounter. Then you should
think of wnys of reducing th risks from the hezards you've iankiec. For exam

+ TF youre working th springs, alvags weur svfty goes. Ti wil reduce
tha ick of the sping ing your aye H heaping shape in

+ Hf you're using a Bussen buaner stand it on a hest proof mat.
Tia wl reve he Hak of otering a fe.

Not revising — an unacceptable exam hazard...
‘The worlds x dungeruse place, bul i you can eens havate’, decile hur uo wee heir sks, and be happy 40
aceept seme risks, yo ca still ae “ist raybe don’t go skye! virg with a great wie hark Fel 13th

Working Scientifically
| Designing Investigations
Dig out your lab coat and dust down your badly-ecratched eafoty goggles... it's invastigation time.
Investigations Produce Evidence to Support or Disprove a Hypothesis |

1), Scientists hse things ae come up with hypothasas So test them (ane el.
‘You noad to able to do the eam. For oxarnple

‘Dlservtion: Paople have big feet and spots. Hucthwsis: Having ti foot canes spots

2) To determine wht oF nol bpolles's i ght, you need fo do wy vesligaton to gather
snidence. To do tis, you need Yo use your kypetheas fo make « pradohon — stmeting you
thik wll boppin that you ean teat. Eg pacple who have bggar feet wil have mi

8) Invectigations sre use to eve if therw are patos
IF there's 0 pattern 0° relationship between the

vibieo ‘number of epote! and ‘ize of Feo

Evidence Needs to be Repeatable, Reproducible and Valid

1) Benanible means hal the anma parson does tn esperirent eda using S04"
‘he sme rathods and enulpment,Aheyl gst sur raul,

2) Reproducible mesne tha goneane oe dee the experiment oo ferent,"
‘method or pioos of equipment is uced. én recll vl eit be cil.

8) dota is repoatabla and reproducible, Ve ellabie ard eofontit

4) Vold coals ore both repevtable nd reproducible AND they ans
“hoy come from expermente that wore deaigned 4 bo & FAIR TEST

To Make an Investigation a Fair Test You Have to Control the Variables

1) Ina lab experiment you usualy change one viable ad mewsune how i affeks anche variable

2) To rake ito fr fost eseuthing slag thst could cle the reult cho.ld
= othoraie you can’ al the thing you're changing i causing th rocults oF not

8) The variable you CHANGE is colle the INDEPENDENT varie

42) The vateble you MEAGURE wher, you change the indepencont variable ia the DEPENDENT variable

'5)_The varcboe that you KEEP THE BAME ove alld CONTROL variable.

"You could fird how quent iaough ® cull comporent affects the poland

Aiffsrince scrote th component by measuring the potential diffrence at diferent currants

‘The indanenden! arable ie tho gutant. Tho denancent wa-abe io the pata iforenes.

Control viable ielude the femparatuna of tha oomponont, tho Dud. ofthe power eupply. eto.

18) Because you cart always contd af Ibe vaiables, you oflen need fo use a eanlicl experinwal. This is
sn experiment that's kept undo the seine conltins as the rat of the investigation, but donst have
fnything dana 0 #. This ec that you can 265 wha happens whon you don change anything at al

The Bigger the Saraple Size the Better

» on amall samples n't on good as de‘a bossd on large samples. & aample should repzensnt
‘the whole population (i. it chould chire as many of the chataoterctios inthe population se possi) —

3 eral eamale can't do that as well. H's also harder fo spot anomal er H your eample size Is too smal
2) The bige tne sample si she hell inact hawt be when ohinosing be big.

For example, if you were stusyre the effects of xing near © nuclear power plant. #'é be grest Yo study
‘everyone who Inved net a ncloar power plant (2 huge tarp}, but itd take ogee and coot a bomb.
Ie mare realistic to etudy a thoueand petale, wth a vange of egec, gandor, ard race.

This is no high street survey — it’s a designer investigation...
Not oni do you nsed to

lec phen your on investivations, you shoal also be able 1 09 ut someone ese
plan ant decide wheter or nt it needs inyrewing “Thome crariners aren hal demanding

Working Scientifically