CGP GSCE Biology AQA Revision Guide

145 Pages·2018·34.01 MB·English

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GCSE Biology

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The Revision Guide
What to Expect in the Exams

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Get organ-ised for Biology with CGP.

There's a ot to learr 1» SCSE Biology, that’ for sure. Luckily this CGP book
explains the facts theory and practical sks youl need — with p
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Contents

Working Scientifically
“The Seine Method
CCorwraniason & Ise Created by Se ence
Rik

Designng investigations...

Colecing Dats.
Procesing and Presenting

Units and Equations -
Drawing Cond,

Uncertainties and Ex uation

‘Topic 1 — Cell Biology
Cells,

Microscopy on

‘More on Moxon

Cell Daerntsion and Special sab
CChremosomes and Mito

Binary Fasicn

Cutuing Merorganions,

Stem Cel :
Difusion. intaonatets
Osmo

Atv Transpo
Exchange Sure,
Exchanging Substances.
‘More om Exchanging Substances,
Revision Questions fr Tose

‘Topic 2— Organisation
Cell Organ nen
Enns —

Incetigaing Enzyorae Reatinns,
Enzymes and Digestion nomen

More an Enagrnes and [gest
Fed Tica
The Lungs
Cacultory yarn — The Bent

Circulatory System — Blood Veit one
Coal diey Spe — Disses
Cachirasulnc iene

M

Hall and Dawe

9 Ceraau lt Distt nnn

ise Facts for Non- Comm onicable Diseases
Career
Plant Cell Orgs

rarsiaion and Traralcaton:

Ta spitaion and Szorraca.
Bassin Suestions for Tazie 2

‘Topic 3— Infection and Response
Conmuriaéle Disease...
‘Yl Fangal aed

ist reas,
Beerréal Distaes and Preventing Disses
F ghting D386 me 7
Fghting Qsease — Vaccination,

Fghing Dsease — Droge

Developing Dri gsomren oem
‘Moretlonal Amides,

‘More en Monee onl Antibodies.

Plan Disenses and Dele,

Bassin Guestions fr Tasie 3

‘Topic 4— Bioenergetics
Phetesyhs and Leg FARE neon?
Tr Rae oF Pho:nyithers 38
Respir aed Acta 61
Abie and Anes Resin 8
Ene 8
asien Suton fr Toi oe 64
‘Topic § — Homeostasis and Respons
Homes 65
The Nero Site emnannnnnnn 6
Synapses and Rell. st
Invstgating Re 90 Twn 68
wt Ban “9
THe Bi canteen
Correcting V sion Dee nm
Coctr ing Body Temperate 2
The EON Sith rennin
Corto ing Bla Shawne. aes
Te Steen

dey Pa Urns
Paety aed ie Movslust Cle
Corto ing Fett...
‘Moreen Contrll ng Fert.

Habernine and Thyra

Plans Hotta one
Conmerdal Uses of an: Hormones

Recon Cyestons for Tosi 5
‘Topic 6— Inheritance, Variation and
Evolution

INA 4
“The Structure of DIA and Prten Syne on 85

Niiton es ecreinsntiac ens
Repraduticn a
Nil ceinnincinanicanarnciesintinicet®
(More on Reptodii mmm 89
X and Y Chromasomes 30
Genetic Daepa mini coe
(More Genetic Dagens, on

Ieherted Disord mn 3
The Wore 0° Merde. o
Variation 95,

Evelina
More About Even ~~
Selective Breeding
Gevetic Erginecing
Cloning
Fess.
Speestion
Anibiove-Resstant Bact
Chisifeation

Revision Question fer To

‘Topic — Ecology
Compestion
Abiocie and Bias Fs
Acactato
Food Chalo
sing Quaraine
sing “acseets
Erircrnetal Change G The Water Cle.
The Carcon Cycle.
Diestfraincics acsaata
loves gating Dee
Biociuerity ard Waste Maragenent
lab Viarnng
Delorstation ane Lind Use
PMuintisieg Ecostore anc Bio dvr
Troohi Level
Prram ds f Biomass.
Boras Taner.

Food Sezutty avd Farming.
Bitschro oy

Revision Custions or Top 7.

Practical Sle
Mascting Subst:
eating, Safety ard this.
Potornetis and Miroscapes

Sap ing ne
Comparing Ress
aint by cor

ro cig mata fy Rehr ons

ors Coats uae anne Hanes Cu MLC and ah Pao

‘yt ants Hage Thompon and Spi non othe ses

‘Tov eg, peut ar eg Mucraors © Coot
Almere

ion Fsten ow 4 (2a 3018
Working Scientifically 1

The Scientific Method

‘hia oootion ict about how fo ‘dot ceianoe
Scientists Come Up With Hypotheses — Then Test Them

1). Scien ry fo wxcain thing hoy srt by saving erring thoy don undrstand.

2) They than come up vith a bupotbans — » pone mxlanaion for wha they've chaared.

23) ‘he nen step 40a whether the hypothose might be igh! or not. This involves
making @ prediction besed on the hypothests and tecting H by gathering evidence

sla) from iavestigavons. WF pvidence from experiments bucks up a prediction,
you're clap closer To figuring out the hypothasis i fue

ut it dose chow you the way mozt eniontizts work

Several Scientists Will Test a Hypothesis

1) Normal, ooiontite share thelr Pings In pent-rvewerjournala. or ot gonferences.

2) Bow-eview 's vhore uihorcxianists check rasulls and scientific explanations tor
‘siento’ (e.g, thst experiments have been done in a sensible way) Se i]

1 published. It haps to datz fala claims, but it Haast rsenn that

findings aro gorent — just that thoy'0 not wrong. in ary obvious way.

2) Once othr sean five found ot about o hypothe, tha ter busing thal ty ee out ts
en izadations oni and cory out Volcan exparinacta, Toy leo ryto sunk Ya at td
Tiguan the cgi espera a chao the tals — stl if lhe exerinanta = =

inthe wetld hace ub the Kypothai, than ack ert to thede the hypothe cue
4) However, solnit dows an expermert hut oman't Bt wih the hypothese (ard other eleniate
can rpredoe the rela) then the hypothele moy need tobe nadfed or ara llogether.
IFAll the Evidence Supports a Hypothesis, It's Accepted — For Now
Y Aveepted hypothaaos sre often referred to as thenrieg. Our eurrantiy

‘gooepted theories ore the ones that have survived this “trial by evidenoo’
— they've been tested many times over the yours und gurvived.
2) owner, thorns navtrbacor totaly hvilsputable fn} raw evidence ms
tlorg tho! oan‘t he axplanad using tho existing theory, then tho Bypothoninng on
footing sly fo crt. ovr gti, Neva

Theories Can Involve Different Types of Models

1) A representational mode! i a simaled descriston or pistuse of what's
{Eoing on in rel if, Like oll models # osm be used 4s explsin obsarvafions
tnd make prediotione, £.g. the lnk snd key model cf enzyme aoton
Is.@ lmplifed way of showing how snzymas work (see p.28). It can me
Dbeused fo waplain wig eizymes: ky oafokyse particular reac irene

2) Computational madls use computers to make sizuitiions of complex real-life processes, such as
climate change. They're used when there area lat of detent variables (factor that change) fo
once, and beowu you oan easy ching thelr detign to take Into aooount neve data

‘on what they e2n explain of predict. Cinale change models have several

Fats — for example, i's hard 4n fake into ancrint ll the biological an chemical processes that

influence chrate, If oan aloo be dieu Yo includo rgjonal varstion® in olenate,

I'm off to the z00 to test my hippo-thesi:
The ssentie mesiod has bee: developed over tne, adany seaple hae telped wo develop. From Arstole
tosmdern day clei, tls of pecple hve sorte. Ata any coceare Ley so canbe te ule

Working Scientifically
Communication & Issues Created by Science

ScientiRe developments oan be grect, but they can sometimes

more questions than they anssver.
It’s Important to Communicate Scientific Discaveries to the General Public

Scane scientific discoveries show that propla should change their bali, or thy might provide ideas. that
could be daveloner! into new technology. So soentists need to fall the word azout ther discoveries.

are vaed in genetic eninetting to produce gonetioily modifi orope. Information
shout thove crops needs fo be eumun cated fo farmare who might benefit from growing them and fo
the general pub. so they can make informed decisions ebou! the food they buy and e

Sclentific Evidence can he Presented in a Biased Way |

1) Reports about soisntife d'coveries inthe media (e.g. seuspapers or television) aran't peer-reviewed

2) Thi meane that. oven though news atovie arv often hnxed on data that hae bean peer-reviewod. the data
imight be presected ina way that fe avat-simplii! oF naceuite, making H open fo misinterpretaion

8) People who want to make a point can sometimes presen’ dain nw biased way. (Sometimes vilhcul knowing
‘they’ doing it) For example, scientist ight overemphasis o rlstionshp in the dato, oF a rewepaper
tile might desorbe cetnts of data oupporting ar idea without giving any evidence aainat i

Scientific Developments are Great, but they can Raise Issues

Selentifickoavladge in nccanaad by doing experinonts. And thin knowlege lead 40 azianific devalopinents
e.g, now technologies or new advice, These dovelopmants oon oreate jaaune though. Fer example
Faonomieiawvon: Bocioty cant aways Soci! inauon: Decisions based on ocien‘te evidenoe

afford fo do things eointiate rcoommend _affeot popie — 6. ehouldaloohol te banned

(ea. investing in {to provent heath problam}?. Would the affect on

‘people's Bfustules be sucentable,..7
Panaoaaun: Sons dere set oman at: Human ay fm ena he
individuele. For example, comoene might ncural onvironmant — e.g. gcnetoaly mociind orepe ma
‘wupportallernstive eney, but cbject a help ue to produce mors ‘od — but sume people think
wind frm ie bull wax fo thee house, hey could caves envircansnlal probleme (eee p99).

Science Can't Answer Every Question — Especially Ethical Ones
1) Wo don’t understand everything. We're chvaye fing out mors, but wel never know el tho anewere.
2) In onder to arswer seiontie questions, scimfats need daa ty prove evins for their hypotheses.
) Some questions con't bs answered yst because the date can't eurantly be colacta,
‘or becauce there's not enouzh data fo support a theory
4) Evenfucly, se we get more evidenee, we'l answer some of the questions that eurenty eun't be
newer, 9g. wal the kepacl of goin wari ona levels wil hm. Bat thaw wll vay be the
—Ee ype questions that — tant ay ot

[New d-vgo could lot pcople think in ways Loyond the powicea of nora being.

the pa ey thy Lal — Hy ld iv you a unl atas n ana. Ad poe
nigh be poassured ilo loking ther £9 thal Tray oould work more ellectively, ard fr gar hours

Tek about il es be fake fo bows ‘ibis Bese
facet ae ar tals Gale al asa area Bae

Tea to milk or milk to tea? — Totally unanswerable by science.

Science cam’ tell you whather er nt vou sbould do someting. Tats fr you sod

o decide, But rere sre
of questions science might be able to awe, ike whee fe cae fm ant hese ny

et socks ate

‘Working Scientifically
‘By reading ths page you are azrecing. to the rice of a paper eut or severe drowsiness...

Nothing is Completely Risk-Free

1) Aazard ts eomething thet could potentially couse harm

22) All hazarcs have tick allached fo thers — thes the chance thatthe hazard wil cause harm.

{9} The rks of some things acer prety olwious, or we've knawn about them for a ubile, ike the vik of
‘causing oid rain by pollting the tmocphore, or af having # oar noident when youre traveling in 2 oar.

4) New lechnology ering fom scientife advances oon bring naw ticks, og. scienliste are uncure whether
‘navopatticles thet are being used oasinetos ard suneream might be harming the ovis in our bodies.
‘These aks need to be considered gloagtide the berafis ofthe technelogy, ex. improved sun protection,

'5) You can actimate the size ofa risk beoed on how many times somathing happens ina big sare (e.g.
106000 pwople) over a van pared (ew your). For exampa, you could asuess the risk of w diver
crashing by recording how many people na group of 100000 drivers orashed their care over @

16) To mnke decisions about sotv that involv hazards, we neod to take into weoount the chance of
‘the hazard causing harm, an! how cavicue the coniequenoss would bo iH cid. IF an aay iwvohoe a
hazerd that's vary Iily 4 ecuss harm, with serous consequences Wit does, H's eone'dered high rik.

People Make Their Own Decisions About Risk |

1) Not ll ricks havo the same conieauenous, ©. F you obop veg with a sharp knife you rick outing your
finger. but if you go seubediving you “ek death. Yeu'w much more lkaly ‘9 cut your finger during
half an hour of chopping than odie during half hour of poubsscixing. But moet people sre happier
to acoept a higher probly of en wooident if the eonasquances are shor’slved nnd frkly nor.

2) People fond 10 be mora wiling to avo a risk i thay shooce Yo do comething (0. £0 oouba diving).
‘compared fo having the isk inp! an thom {oa Paving @ nuoloar power cfation bultroxt door).

8) People's peroaplon of risk (how risky thay think someting is) tuays agourale. They tera to
iu fart acting 98 lash and unm lat actos at highaisk — even i that's not the case
For example, eyeing on roads is often high-risk, but many people are happy to doi basauce i a
fain aot. Air travel i actully pretty safe, but © Hot oF poople perceive it a highsick.

4) People mey over-estimate the Hak of hinge wih Lng-leem oF favisible effects

Investigations Can be Hazardous |

1) Hazards from eclonoo experiment might noude:

+ Microorganisms, « geome bacleria oer make you i

+ Chom, «.. aufnio acd ean burn your kin and alaohols otc fre

+ Fito et an unattended Bunsen burror fs a rs hezond.

+ Heciicy, e.g, aly elect equips! could give you a hoe.

2) Pact of planning ivestignton in raking ir the Wn safe

33) You dhould aways make euto thot you idantify al the hczonde that you might endounfor. Then you should
¢hiok of waye of raduoing the sks from the hazard: you've Wlaniifec. For exam

+ lf you're working with cuifuric acid, chvaye woot glovos ond cafoty gogglec. Tie will rodeo]
tha tsk of the aod coming Ina contact wth your sk and ayes. 85018 0408 HC aa ae

ne Labo pte.

+ Tf you'e using a Buns bane, stad fon 9 heal proof val hy bos
This wall reduce she nk of staring a fire

Not revising — an unacceptable exam hazard...
‘The worlds x dngeros pla
aceep seme rks, you ca

but i vou ean recognise hazards, decide hui 1 weduce thse rsks, and be happy to
ave “im dust wrayhe con’ go skyeivirg wah agieat white shark an Fay 13th

Working Scientifically
Designing Investigations

Dig out your lab coat and dust down your batly-coratched safely copes... i invasigaton tin.
Investigations Produce Evidence to Support or Disprove a Hypothesis |

1) elentate chars things sna come up with hypothesis #0 explin ther (ae pl).
‘You need to be able t0 do the same. Fer example

‘Disarvaton: People have bg feet and spots. Hunolluas Waving bi fee onseesopots

2) To delenmine whether or nota hpothessie aht, you need fo do an invesigaton to gathor
teddence. To do thie, yo need fo en your Fpoihoes to make a pradchan — something you
{hk all hapnan that You edn feat. Eg. people who have bigger fat+ wil have rmore apo.

8) Investigations sre weed to eve if therw are valtorse or ralutonshipe betwown tus variables,
TT there's « pattern o° relationship between the varablen ‘number of epote! and ‘ize of Fee

Evidence Needs to be Repeatable, Reproducible and Valid
1) Repeatabla meure that ifthe sume person dove sn experiment again using
‘the saine melhods and equipment, they'l get sar reaula
2) ‘Reproducible moune thot if gomwone olve doea the experiment ota diferent
‘mothod oF piooo of equipmont i uted, the reauls vl til bo cnc.
8) Wedotais ropeolable and peproducl, Ve ssllubla ard ecko ‘more kaly o have confidence tn it
4) Voll easulis ave both vopestable el reprodueible AND they
‘Thoy ome from expermante that were doclgned fo bo a FAIR TEST.

To Make an Investigation a Fair Test You Have to Contra! the Variables

1) Ina lb experiment you uevaly change one varable and meagure how Wt affects another variable.

2) Torrake it far tne, everything elarthit covld ef the results chovld slay the pare
—otheriise you can't “ll the thing you're chonging ie causing the resus oF not.

3) The varieblo you CHANGE is exled the INDEPENDENT varias.
4} The variable you MEASURE wher, you change the independent variable i the DEPENDENT va
15) the variable that you KEEP THE AAME ore eilled CONTROL variable,

You eould nd how femmatauzeaffeote*e rte of n engymt-ooatraled action. the indapondent
saibla the lemporaiure. The dapandont variable isthe rate reaction, Con variables
Inolude the concentration and amounte of reaotants, pH, the time perlod you meacure, oto.

6) Booause you oon't avays contol ol he variables, you offen necd to uoe a eontvol oxperiment. Thi is
an experiment that's kept undar the came condiiane ac the rect of the Investigation, but dogsn’t have
anything done to it, This i eo that you can oew wha happen when you don't change anything atl

The Bigger the Sample Size the Better

1) Dota baced on mall amplcs fan’ on good aa eta based on large carlos. & sample chouldrepreaont
the hale poptlation (ue it ehould chara a5 many of tho dhstactarctes inthe poptlaton se possible) —
j arall sample car't do that as well Ie alco harder #0 spot aromal esi your simple size Is foo smal
12) the big to sarcpln ai she ats, hu cians have to b sesso when ching hou big
For example. you were stusrg haw Meaty ests people's waht id be grest fo study everyone
ns tho UK. (a hugo 2ample), but fake agca end coct« bomb. Va more redo to c+udy a thousand
people, wih a minture uf agse, gender snd moe

This is no high street survey — it’s a designer investigation...
Notenty do you ned to

tle phen your vn investivations, you shad also be able 1 09 ut someone else
plan an decide wheter cr nat it needs inyrewing

Working Scientifically

Teme ceariners aren't hal demvatding