Cervix Cancer

214 Pages·1987·10.39 MB·English

by  Sheldon A. Weiner (auth.), Earl A. Surwit M.D., David S. Alberts M.D. (eds.)

Cervix Cancer
Cancer Treatment and Research
WILLIAM L MCGUIRE, series editor
Livingston RB (ed): Lung Cancer I. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2394-9.
Bennett Humphrey G, Dehner LP, Grindey GB, Acton RT (eds): Pediatric Oncology 1. 1981.
ISBN 90-247-2408-2.
DeCosse 11, Sherlock P (eds): Gastrointestinal Cancer 1. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2461-9.
Bennett JM (ed): Lymphomas 1, including Hodgkin's Disease. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2479-1.
Bloomfield CD (ed): Adult Leukemias I. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2478-3.
Paulson OF (ed): Genitourinary Cancer I. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2480-5.
Muggia FM (ed): Cancer Chemotherapy I. ISBN 90-247-2713-8.
Bennett Humphrey G, Grindey GB (eds): Pancreatic Tumors in Children. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2702-2.
Costanzi 11 (ed): Malignant Melanoma 1. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2706-5.
Griffiths CT, Fuller AF (eds): Gynecologic Oncology. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-555-5.
Greco AF (ed): Biology and Management of Lung Cancer. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-554-7.
Walker MD (ed): Oncology of the Nervous System. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-567-9.
Higby OJ (ed): Supportive Care in Cancer Therapy. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-569-5.
Herberman RB (ed): Basic and Clinical Tumor Immunology. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-579-2.
Baker LH (ed): Soft Tissue Sarcomas. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-584-9.
Bennett 1M (ed): Controversies in the Management of Lymphomas. 1983. ISBN 0-89838-586-5.
Bennett Humphrey G, Grindey GB (eds): Adrenal and Endocrine Tumors in Children. 1983.
ISBN 0-89838-590-3.
DeCosse JJ, Sherlock P (eds): Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Cancer. 1984.
ISBN 0-89838-601-2.
Catalona WJ, Ratliff TL (eds): Urologic Oncology. 1984. ISBN 0-89838-628-4.
Santen RJ, Manni A (eds): Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine-related Tumors. 1984.
ISBN 0-89838-636-5.
Costanzi 11 (ed): Clinical Management of Malignant Melanoma. 1984.
ISBN 0-89838-656-X.
Wolf GT (ed): Head and Neck Oncology. 1984. ISBN 0-89838-657-8.
Alberts OS, Surwit EA (eds): Ovarian Cancer. 1985. ISBN 0-89838-676-4.
Muggia FM (ed): Experimental and Clinical Progress in Cancer Chemotherapy. 1985.
ISBN 0-89838-679-9.
Higby OJ (ed): The Cancer Patient and Supportive Care. 1985. ISBN 0-89838-690-X.
Bloomfield CD (ed): Chronic and Acute Leukemias in Adults. 1985. ISBN 0-89838-702-7.
Herberman RB (ed): Cancer Immunology: Innovative Approaches to Therapy. 1986.
ISBN 0-89838-757-4.
Hansen HH (ed): Lung Cancer: Basic and Clinical Aspects. 1986.
ISBN 0-89838-763-9.
Pinedo HM, Verweij J (eds): Clinical Management of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. 1986.
ISBN 0-89838-808-2.
Higby OJ (ed): Issues in Supportive Care of Cancer Patients. 1986. ISBN 0-89838-816-3.
Surwit EA, Alberts OS (eds): Cervix Cancer. 1987. ISBN 0-89838-822-8.
Jacobs C (ed): Cancers of the Head and Neck. 1987. ISBN 0-89838-825-2.
MacDonald JS (ed): Gastrointestinal Oncology. 1987. ISBN 0-89838-829-5.
Ratliff TL, Catalona WJ (eds): Genitourinary Cancer. 1987. ISBN 0-89838-830-9.
Nathanson L (ed): Basic and Clinical Aspects of Malignant Melanoma. 1987. ISBN 0-89838-856-2.
Muggia FM (ed): Concepts, Clinical Developments, and Therapeutic Advances in Cancer Chemo-
therapy. 1987. ISBN 0-89838-879-5.
Cervix Cancer
edited by
EARL A. SURWIT, M.D.
5245 E. Knight
Tucson, Arizona 85712
U.S.A.
and
DAVID S. ALBERTS, M.D.
Section of Hematology and Oncology
Department of Internal Medicine
6th Floor Facility
The University of Arizona Health Sciences Ctr.
Tucson, Arizona 85724
U.S.A.
1987 MARTIN US NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
BOSTON / DORDRECHT / LANCASTER
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358,
Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA
for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited,
Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, UK
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cervix cancer.
(Cancer treatment and research)
Includes index.
1. Cervix uteri--Cancer. I. Surwit, Earl A.
II. Alberts, David S. (David Samuel), 1939-
Ill. Series. [DNLM: 1. Cervix Neoplasms.
Wi CA693 / WP 480 C419]
RC280.U8C475 1986 616.99'466 86-17933
ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-9207-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2027-2
001: 10 .1 007/978-1-4613-2027-2
Copyright
© 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA
02018-0358, USA.
We would like to dedicate this book to our parents Jesse and Jeanine Surwit
and Alfred and Esther Alberts Goldberg whose continued love, encourage-
ment and support has lead to the success of our careers and the energy
responsible for the completion of this book. Two sets of such special parents
are rarely found in this complex world. Our hearts and best thoughts are
with them always.
VII
Table of Contents
Foreword to the series IX
Preface XI
List of contributors XV
1. Cervical dysplasia
SHELDON A. WEINER
2. The management of the high risk patient with early invasive car-
cinoma of the cervix .................. 11
KJELL E. KJORSTAD
3. Cytosolic estrogen and progesterone receptors in primary cervical
carcinoma .................. . 33
LEO B. TWIGGS, ROGER A. POTISH and BENJAMIN S. LEUNG
4. Surgical staging of cervical cancer 43
NEVILLE F. HACKER and JONATHAN S. BEREK
5. Pre-operative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix 59
NINA EINHORN
6. Radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy 67
KARL C. PODRATZ and RICHARD E. SYMMONDS
7. Treatment of locally advanced cancer of the cervix with intersti-
tial parametrial implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
SILVIO A. ARISTIZABAL
8. Hydroxyurea and radiation therapy in the treatment of carcinoma
of the cervix ..................... 107
M. STEVEN PIVER
VIII
9. Single agent chemotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix .... 119
1. TATE THIGPEN
10. Combination chemotherapy of advanced cervix cancer . . . . 137
DEAN E. BRENNER
11. Primary chemotherapy for high-risk recurrence cervix cancer 161
DAVID S. ALBERTS, SILVIO ARISTIZABAL, EARL A. SURWIT and SHEL-
DON WEINER
12. Human tumor c1onogenic assay studies of cervical cancer 185
CHARLES E. WELANDER and R. LAMAR PARKER Jf.
Index 199
IX
Foreword to the series
Where do you begin to look for a recent, authoritative article on the
diagnosis or management of a particular malignancy? The few general onco-
logy textbooks are generally out of date. Single papers in specialized journals
are informative but seldom comprehensive; these are more often prelimi-
nary reports on a very limited number of patients. Certain general journals
frequently publish good in depth reviews of cancer topics, and published
symposium lectures are often the best overviews available. Unfortunately,
these reviews and supplements appear sporadically, and the reader can nev-
er be sure when a topic of special interest will be covered.
Cancer Treatment and Research is a series of authoritative volumes
which aim to meet this need. It is an attempt to establish a critical mass of
oncology literature covering virtually all oncology topics, revised frequently
to keep the coverage up to date, easily available on a single library shelf or
by a single personal subscription.
We have approached the problem in the following fashion. First, by div-
iding the oncology literature into specific subdivisions such as lung cancer,
genitourinary cancer, pediatric oncology, etc. Second, by asking eminent
authorities in each of these areas to edit a volume on the specific topic on an
annual or biannual basis. Each topic and tumor type is covered in a volume
appearing frequently and predictably, discussing current diagnosis, staging,
markers, all forms of treatment modalities, basic biology, and more.
In Cancer Treatment and Research, we have an outstanding group of
editors, each having made a major commitment to bring to this new series
the very best literature in his or her field. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers has
made an equally major commitment to the rapid publication of high quality
books, and world-wide distribution.
Where can you go to find quickly a recent authoritative article on any
major oncology problem? We hope that Cancer Treatment and Research
provides an answer.
WILLIAM L. MCGUIRE
Series Editor
XI
Preface
Cytological screening for the identification of intraepithelial neoplasia of the
cervix as a precursor lesion for cervical cancer has been well established as
an effective means for decreasing the incidence of invasive carcinoma.
Despite these screening efforts, carcinoma of the cervix remains one of the
more common malignancies in women and it is the leading cause of cancer
death in many countries in the western hemisphere. It is estimated that in
1986 there will still be 14,000 new cases of invasive cancer, with 6,800
deaths in the United States alone. Unfortunately, many of these patients
present with advanced disease, posing difficult management problems for
the clinician responsible for their care.
The treatment of early stage invasive carcinoma of the cervix (lesions
confined to the cervix and vagina) remains either radical surgery, radical
radiation therapy or a combination thereof This approach is extraordinarily
effective in the vast majority of patients. However, there remains a subset of
patients with early stage disease that are at high risk for recurrence.
Dr Kjorstad (Chapter 2) has identified adenocarcinomas and adenosqua-
mous carcinomas as having a particularly poor prognosis. In addition,
patients with more than three positive lymph nodes or with involvement of
lymph nodes outside of the pelvis have a very poor prognosis. He has iden-
tified the CEA as a potentially predictive marker for these patients with
poor prognosis, especially in patients with adenocarcinomas.
Dr Twiggs (Chapter 3) has identified the absence of progestational recep-
tors in these tumors as a similar poor prognostic parameter to identify the
high risk patient with early stage disease.
In advanced carcinoma of the cervix the problem is two-fold; that of
controlling extensive pelvic disease and contending with the existence of
extrapelvic disease outside of the usual pelvic radiation portals.
Dr Hacker (Chapter 4) very nicely elucidates the limitations of clinical
staging in this setting and the applications of fine needle aspiration cytology
for these patients. The technique of surgical staging is well described here;
XII
however the primary problem, despite accurate surgical staging, still
remains the control of bulky disease in the pelvis and secondarily, what
therapy to offer those patients who are found to have extrapelvic disease.
The addition of extended field radiation to the periaortic area has been
associated with increased morbidity and, in most series, has not lead to a
significant improvement in survival. As a consequence, we still need better
control of pelvic disease in this patient population.
The problem of control of local disease with advanced carcinoma of the
cervix may well be resolved by the addition of the transperineal template
(irridium needle implant) for these patients, which is described extensively
by Dr Aristizabel (Chapter 7). Previous attempts to solve the problem of
local control by increasing dosages of external radiation therapy and/or the
addition of radiation sensitizers have predominantly been unsuccessful and
have lead to increasing rates of complications for these patients. Dr Aristi-
zabel establishes quite clearly that the irridium needle implant can lead to
an improvement of control of pelvic disease in advanced carcinoma of the
cervix and more time will be required to establish that this will indeed
translate into an improved survival for these patients.
Dr Piver (Chapter 8) presents very convincing data that hydroxyurea may
well be an excellent radio sensitizer that could lead to an improvement in
control of pelvic disease and translate into improved survival in these
patients. These series are complicated by exclusion of patients with surgi-
cally proven extra-pelvic disease, and the variable of surgical staging in
some of the studies. However, a recent Gynecologic Oncology Group study
has confirmed Dr Piver's results.
The limitations of cytotoxic chemotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix are
well delineated by Dr Thigpen (Chapter 9) in the discussion of single agent
therapy and by Dr Brenner (Chapter 10) in the area of multiagent chemo-
therapy. A major problem in this field is that many patients, as noted
above, fail in the pelvis after previous radiation therapy where there is
fibrosis and very poor vasculature. As a consequence, it is very difficult to
deliver adequate dosages of drugs to pelvic recurrences due to both poor
vascular supply and impaired bone marro~ from the radiation therapy. In
addition, it may well be that resistent clones within the carcinoma of the
cervix that are resistant to ionizing radiation may also be cross-resistant to
cytotoxic drug therapy. Complete response rates in the treatment of carci-
noma of the cervix have rarely been seen, and partial response rates that are
seen rarely, if ever, lead to any meaningful improvement in survival for
these patients. Unfortunately, no improvement in response rate and/or sur-
vival has yet been demonstrated in any multiagent chemotherapeutic regi-
men as compared to single agent therapy and, as might be predicted,
increased toxicity is seen with the combination regimens. There does appear
to be a rapid emergence of resistant clones in squamous cell carcinoma of