Christos P. Panteliadis Editor Cerebral Palsy A Multidisciplinary Approach Third Edition 123 Cerebral Palsy Christos P. Panteliadis Editor Cerebral Palsy A Multidisciplinary Approach Third Edition Editor Christos P. Panteliadis Division of Paediatric Neurology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Division of Paediatric Neurology Thessaloniki, Greece ISBN 978-3-319-67857-3 ISBN 978-3-319-67858-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67858-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964310 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface to the Third Edition Six years has passed since the release of the second edition of the book Cerebral Palsy: A Multidisciplinary Approach. There was a good response from the readership, and the text was also translated into the Turkish lan- guage. As the scientific knowledge of the early diagnosis, management and rehabilitation of cerebral palsy has expanded since 2011, the production of the third edition of this book was inevitable as a means of incorporating all of the latest data and nuances. New distinguished authors from around the world, along with many authors of the second edition, have provided sharper and more acute dimen- sions to the overall upgraded version of this book. All of the chapters have been revised and updated, and new chapters have been added. The editor would like to thank all of the expert authors for their invaluable input, cooperation and patience towards the successful realization of this project and the publisher Springer Medicine Books, Continental, Europe & UK for the unwavering commitment in disseminating medical knowledge. Special thanks to Christos Livanos from Thessaloniki, for his relentless administrative assistance. Thessaloniki, Greece Christos P. Panteliadis v Preface to the Second Edition Brain damage of the foetal and early infant brain, clinically presented as cere- bral palsy, results from a diversity of aetiologies, manifesting as different clinical pictures, and follows different clinical courses demanding for an interdisciplinary treatment. This book systematically reviews the recent developments of diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy. It was written by an international team of specialists, including neuro-paediatricians, orthopae- dics, psychologists, epidemiologists and others who work in the field of cere- bral palsy. Six years has passed since the first edition of Cerebral Palsy was pub- lished, and I would like to take the opportunity to thank all the readers for their feedback, which helped to improve the text. The updated manuscript has been thoroughly edited for language usage and grammar. New chapters have been included covering additional aspects of this multifaceted disorder. Finally, I would like to thank all authors of the present edition for sharing their expertise, as well as the publisher for their professional support and patience for listening to all of the wishes of the editor. Thessaloniki, Greece Christos P. Panteliadis vii Preface (Parts from First Edition) Cerebral palsy (CP) institutes a nosologic entity with multiple diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. It also specifies a scientific issue with particular social, ethical and economic extensions. CP has been shown to be one of the most frequent problems which occupy paediatricians, paediatric neurologist, orthopaedist and physicians of other specialities. The delay in kinetic operation, which characterizes CP, becomes even more serious when accompanied by other problems. Thus, the rehabili- tation programme becomes multidimensional. The consequences on family, education and society are very important. After diagnosis, the biggest burden is undertaken by the rehabilitation group, along with family cooperation. The insecurity and the uncertainty for the child’s future dominate each family. In time, signs of deterioration appear on the collective attempt. This book is a complete effort of Greek and German authors who have been engaged for many years with CP and the problems related to it. A great effort has been put in by all the authors: everyone in his/her own field has better approached the multidimensional issue of cerebral palsy. Modern views are expressed on the explanation, clinical demonstration, prompt diagnosis and the related problems and ways of confronting them. We hope that in this new edition we could improve the weaknesses which might appear in this first edition. Thessaloniki, Greece Christos P. Panteliadis Wuerzburg, Germany H-M Strassburg ix Contents 1 Cerebral Palsy: A Historical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Christos P. Panteliadis and Photios Vassilyadi 2 The Definition of Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Eve Blair and Christine Cans 3 Epidemiology of the Cerebral Palsies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Eve Blair, Christine Cans, and Elodier Sellier 4 Philosophy, Epidemiology, and Cerebral Palsy Causation . . . . 29 Olaf Dammann 5 Neuropathology of Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Christian Hagel 6 Aetiological Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Mary Jane Platt, Christos P. Panteliadis, and Martin Häusler 7 Intrauterine Infection and Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Michael E. Tsimis 8 Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Dwight J. Rouse 9 Early Markers for Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Christa Einspieler and Peter B. Marschik 10 Clinical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Kate Himmelmann and Christos P. Panteliadis 11 Early Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Rudolf Korinthenberg and Christos P. Panteliadis 12 Cranial Ultrasound in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Summer Kaplan and Ammie M. White 13 Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Arastoo Vossough 14 Nuclear and Molecular Imaging in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . 133 Marc Hickeson and Efrosyni Sfakianaki xi xii Contents 15 Muscle Biology of Contractures in Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Sudarshan Dayanidhi and Richard L. Lieber 16 Physiotherapeutic Interventions: Bobath, Vojta, and Motor Learning Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Dieter Karch and Karl Heinemann 17 An Overview of Evidence-Based Occupational and Physiotherapy for Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Christine Imms and Noula Gibson 18 Early Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . 193 Alicia J. Spittle and Cathy Morgan 19 Hip Dysplasia in Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 M. Wade Shrader and Bopha Crea 20 Scoliosis in Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 M. Wade Shrader and Bopha Crea 21 Management of the Upper Limb in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . 219 Erich Rutz and H. Kerr Graham 22 Integrated Management in Cerebral Palsy: Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation in Ambulatory Patients . . . . . . . . . 229 Erich Rutz, Pam Thomason, Kate Willoughby, and H. Kerr Graham 23 Bone Status in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Sandra Mergler 24 Oral Medication Use in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 James Rice 25 Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Michael Vassilyadi 26 Dorsal Root Rhizotomy for the Treatment of Spasticity . . . . . . 277 Michael Vassilyadi 27 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Marian S. McDonagh 28 Visual Impairment in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Nikolaos Kozeis and Saurabh Jain 29 Pulmonary Management of the Patient with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Garey Noritz 30 Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Peter B. Sullivan and Morag J. Andrew Contents xiii 31 Nutritional Management of the Patient with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Wendelin Burdo-Hartman and Garey Noritz 32 Long-Term Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Harald Bode 33 Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Anna McCormick 34 Rehabilitation Principles of Adults with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . 343 Mintaze Kerem Günel, Yeşim Süçülü Karadağ, and Banu Anlar Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
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