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The Cereal Rusts VOLUME I ORIGINS, SPECIFICITY, STRUCTURE, AND PHYSIOLOGY CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME T. Anikster W. R. Bushnell J. Chong Richard D. Durbin J. V. Groth D. E. Harder R. Heitefiiss William Q Locgcnng VladimirMacko J. Manisterski KurtMendgen A. P. Roelfi R. Rohringer /. B. Rowell D. B. O. Savile J. F. Schäfer A. Segal Richard C. Staples I. Wahl P. G. Williams The Cereal Rusts VOLUME I ORIGINS, SPECIFICITY, STRUCTURE, AND PHYSIOLOGY Edited by William R. Bushnell and Alan P Roelfi Cereal Rust Laboratory Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 1984 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Sâo Paulo COPYRIGHT © 1984, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING ,OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Cereal rusts· Includes index. Contents: v. 1· Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology· 1· Cereal rusts—Collected works· 1. Bushneil, William R. (William Rodgers) 11· Roelfs, Alan P· SB741.R8C47 1984 633.1·049425 83-15035 ISBN 0-12-148401-7 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 84 85 86 87 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the memory of the pioneers who developed the techniques and concepts that have made economical control of cereal rusts possible This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xv Preface xvii Part I. Origins 1. Contributions of Early Scientists to Knowledge of Cereal Rusts /. F. Schäfer, A P. Roelfi, and W. R. Bushneil I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. DESCRIPTION AND TAXONOMY OF CEREAL RUST FUNGI 5 III. LIFE CYCLES AND CYTOLOGY OF CEREAL RUST FUNGI 10 IV. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CEREAL RUSTS 15 V. RESISTANCE TO CEREAL RUSTS 17 VI. PHYSIOLOGY OF CEREAL RUSTS 20 VII. BOOKS AND A NEWSLETTER OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE 22 VIII. EPILOGUE—H. H. FLOR (1900- ) 31 REFERENCES 32 2. Evolution at the Center of Origin /. Wahl, Т. AniksteVy J. Manisterski, and A. Segal I. INTRODUCTION 39 II. EVOLUTION OF CEREAL RUST DISEASES 41 vii viii Contents III. CONCLUDING REMARKS 66 REFERENCES 72 3. Taxonomy of the Cereal Rust Fungi D. В. О. Sank I. INTRODUCTION 79 II. METHODS OF STUDY 80 III. SPECIES CONCEPTS IN RUSTS 84 IV. RUSTS OF TEMPERATE (FESTUCOID) CEREALS 86 V. RUSTS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) 101 VI. RUSTS OF SORGHUM SPECIES 105 VII. RUSTS OF SUGARCANE 107 REFERENCES 111 Part II. Specificity 4. The Formae Speciales T. Anikster I. DEFINITION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 115 II. HOST RANGE 116 III. THE ALTERNATE HOST 119 IV. CROSSINGS AND HYBRIDS 120 V. COMMON HOSTS AND SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION 123 VI. MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FORMAE SPECIALES 124 VII. EVOLUTION 124 VIII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 125 REFERENCES 126 5. Race Specificity and Methods of Study A. P. Roelfi I. INTRODUCTION 132 II. WHY STUDY RACE SPECIFICITY? 135 Contents ix HI. HISTORY OF RACE SPECIFICITY 140 IV. RACE NOMENCLATURE 146 V. SOURCE OF COLLECTIONS 151 VI. IMPORTANCE OF TYPE CULTURES 155 VII. SINGLE UREDIUM ISOLATES 155 VIII. SELECTION OF DIFFERENTIAL HOSTS 156 IX. "UNIVERSAL" RESISTANCE SERIES 159 X. PROSPECTS 160 REFERENCES 161 6. Genetics of the Pathogen-Host Association William Q. Locgmng I. INTRODUCTION 165 II. THE ORIGIN OF THE GENE-FOR-GENE CONCEPT 166 III. THE GENE-FOR-GENE MODEL 172 IV. CATEGORIES OF GENETIC INTERACTION THAT CONTROL DISEASE DEVELOPMENT 173 V. APPLICATIONS OF INTERORGANISMAL GENETICS 184 REFERENCES 191 7. Histology and Molecular Biology of Host-Parasite Specificity R. Rohringer and R. Heitefuss I. INTRODUCTION 193 II. HISTOLOGY 196 III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 212 IV. PRESENT TRENDS, NEW TECHNOLOGY 218 REFERENCES 223 8. Virulence Frequency Dynamics of Cereal Rust Fungi /. V. Groth I. INTRODUCTION 231 II. VIRULENCE DYNAMICS CURVE 233