Ceramics, Lithics, and Ornaments of Chaco Canyon: Analyses of Artifacts from the Chaco Project, Volume I: Ceramics

568 Pages·1997·30.3 MB·English

by  Mathien, Frances

PUBLCI-CP D O2C6 U M1E99N7T S
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Ceramics, Lithics, and Ornaments of
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Front Cover:
1) Chipped stone tools (FS 39/15 and FS 5) f rom 29SJ 1360 (NPS Chaco Archive Negative No. 32026).
2) Schist pendant (FS 204) from Pithouse C at 29SJ 628. (NPS Chaco Archive Negative No. 30918).
3) Gallup Black-on-white bowl (FS 4667) from the Trash Mound at Pueblo Alto (29SJ 389) (NPS Chaco
Archive Negative No. 15900).
4) Axe (FS 1676) from the floor of R oom 8 storage area at 29SJ 627 (NPS Chaco Archive Negative No.
31643).
Back Cover:
1) Corrugated jar (FS 77) from the fill of R oom 5, House I, a t 29SJ 1360 (NPS Chaco Archive Negative
No. 13943).
Ceramics, Lithics, and Ornaments of
Chaco Canyon
Analyses of Artifacts from the Chaco Project
1971-1978
Volume!. Ceramics
edited by
Frances Joan Mathien
Publications in Archeology 18G
Chaco Canyon Studies
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Santa Fe, New Mexico
1997
MISSION
As the Nation's principal conservation agency,
the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most
of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and
cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use of
our land and water resources, protecting our fish and
wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural
values of our national parks and historical places, and
providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor
recreation. The Department assesses our energy and
mineral resources and works to assure that their
development is in the best interests of all our people.
The Department also promotes the goals of the Take
Pride in America campaign by encouraging stewardship
and citizen responsibility for the public lands and
promoting citizen participation in their care. The
Department also has a major responsibility for American
Indian reservation communities and for the people who
live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration.
Contents
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xxiii
FOREWORD xxxi
PREFACE xxxiii
VOLUME I.
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTIFACT ANALYSES by Frances Joan Mathien 1
Background 1
This Volume 9
References 13
2. CHACO CERAMICS by H. Wolcott Toll and Peter J. McKenna 17
Introduction 17
Chaco Project Ceramic Sample 17
Type Descriptions 32
Types as Temporal Control 32
Type Definitions 32
Vessel Form Assemblages 49
Open Forms 49
Closed Forms 50
Other Forms 70
Detailed Analysis: Temper and Paste Studies 73
Objectives 73
Background and Epistemology 74
Temper Descriptions 76
Other Paste Variables 110
Clay Studies 114
Ceramic Import to Chaco Canyon 118
Time Placements 119
Definition of Import: Conservatively 123
More Liberal Estimates: The Sandstone Aspect 138
in
Site Group Comparisons 138
The Distribution of Trachyte Temper in the San Juan Basin 149
Ceramic Production in the Chaco System 152
Methods of Manufacture 152
Evidence for Ceramic Production in Chaco 155
Standardization and Specialization: Analyses 164
Broad-based Ceramic Shifts and their Relevance to Specialization 205
Costumbre 211
Pottery and Interaction in the Chaco World 214
Appendix 2A: Ceramic Group Definitions 216
Gray wares 218
Lino Gray 218
Lino Fugitive Red 218
Polished Tan Gray (Obelisk Gray) 226
Wide Neckbanded 230
Narrow Neckbanded 235
Neck Corrugated 239
Pueblo II (PII) Corrugated 245
Pueblo II-Pueblo III (PII-PIII) Corrugated 250
Pueblo III (PHI) Corrugated 254
Unidentified Corrugated 258
Whitewares 262
Mineral-on-white types 262
Unpolished Basketmaker Ill-Pueblo I (BMIII-PI) Mineral-on-white 262
Polished Basketmaker Ill-Pueblo I (BMIII-PI) Mineral-on-white 270
Early Red Mesa Black-on-white 278
Red Mesa Black-on-white 286
Puerco Black-on-white 298
Escavada Black-on-white 306
Gallup Black-on-white 313
Puesga Black-on-white 325
Chaco Black-on-white 334
Exotic Mineral-on-white 340
Pueblo II-III (PII-III) Mineral-on-white 352
Unidentified Whitewares 359
Carbon-on-white types 365
Unpolished Basketmaker Ill-Pueblo I (BMIII-PI) Carbon-on-white 365
Polished Basketmaker Ill-Pueblo I (BMIII-PI) Carbon-on-white 370
Pueblo II-Pueblo III (PII-PIII) Carbon-on-white 377
Chaco McElmo Black-on-white 384
Mesa Verde Black-on-white 392
Tusayan Carbon-on-white 397
Chuska Black-on-white 402
Chuska Carbon-on-white 406
Chuska Carbon-on-white with Red Mesa design 411
Redwares 416
Black-on-red 416
IV
Polychrome 434
Plain Red 435
Brownwares 436
Polished Smudged 436
Other (Exotic) Brownwares 441
Appendix 2B: Chaco Project Ceramic Analysis Coding Keys 444
Appendix 2C: Clay Sample Data 471
Appendix 2D: Statistics 510
References 512
VOLUME II.
3. THE CHIPPED STONE OF CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO
by Catherine M. Cameron 531
Introduction 531
Research Goals 531
Analyses 532
Sites/Sampling Biases 534
The Time-Space Matrix 534
Analytical Dimensions 539
Materials 539
Technology 541
Procedures 543
Material Selection 543
Temporal Patterning 545
Typological Variation 553
Utilized and Unutilized Debitage 553
Cores 556
Formal Tools 557
Assemblages 577
Introduction 577
Material Type Assemblages 577
Artifact Type Assemblages 581
Classification of Material Type Assemblages 582
Classification of Artifact Type Assemblages 589
Unusual Proveniences 592
Site 29SJ 423 592
Site 29SJ 629 596
Site 29SJ 389 596
Site 29SJ 1659 596
Chipped Stone Analysis in a Regional Perspective 596
Regional Patterns of Exotic Material Acquisition 597
Quantity of Imported Chipped Stone Material 601
Consumption of Chipped Stone 601
Differential Access to Chipped Stone at
Small-house Sites 602
Formal and Technological Evidence for Craft Specialization 603
Summary 604
References 605
Appendix 3A: Petrographic Description and Sources of Chipped Stone Artifacts
in Chaco Canyon by David W. Love 610
Introduction 610
Procedures 610
Depositional History and Landscape Evolution in the Area Adjacent
to Chaco Canyon 610
Local Sources of Chipped Stone Artifacts 622
Non-local Sources of Lithics of Chipped Stone Artifacts 625
References 629
Appendix 3B: Description of Chaco Project's Lithic Types Collected by A. Helene
Warren by David W. Love 634
Appendix 3C: Cores by Catherine M. Cameron 643
Description of Attributes 643
Material Comparisons 643
Dimensions 643
Form 644
Presence of Cortex 644
Technological Attributes 649
Temporal Distribution 649
Spatial Variability 658
Summary 658
Reference 658
POINTS, KNIVES, AND DRILLS OF CHACO CANYON
by Stephen H. Lekson 659
Introduction 659
The Collection 659
The Analysis 661
Arrow Points 662
Knives 680
Drills and Perforators 687
Miscellaneous Artifacts 691
Chipped Stone Tools and the "Chaco Phenomenon" 691
References 695
Appendix 4A: General Observations of Flaked Stone Technology by Bruce A. Bradley . . . 698
Primary Technology 698
Secondary Technology 698
Other Comments 699
VI
THE ABRADERS OF CHACO CANYON: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR FORM
701
AND FUNCTION by Nancy J. Akins . . .
Introduction 701
The Random Sample 702
The Final Analysis Format 702
The Analysis 705
Active Abraders 705
Type 10: Active Abraders 707
Type 10: Soft Active Abraders 707
Type 10: Hard Active Abraders 716
Type 1 1 : Faceted Active Abraders 725
Type 12: Active Lapidary Abraders 733
Type 13: Manolike Abraders 733
Type 14: Stones Abraded for Pigment 741
Type 15: Paint Grinders 748
Type 16: Edge Abraders 753
Type 17: Cornbreaker Abrader 755
Type 18: An Unusual Abrader Rock 757
Type 19: Abrader-anvils 759
Passive Abraders 759
Type 20: Passive Abraders 763
Types 21 and 51: Passive Abrader-anvil Combinations 773
Type 22: Passive Lapidary Abraders 773
Type 23: Whetstones 792
Type 24: Mortars, Type 25: Pecked-hole Abraders
and Type 29: Paint Mortars 792
Type 26: Undifferentiated Palettes 796
Type 27: Raised Bordered Palettes 796
Type 28: Incidental Palettes 799
Grooved Abraders 801
Undifferentiated Grooved Abraders 801
Type 30
Shaft Shapers 808
Type 31
Decorative Grooved Rocks 810
Type 32
Point Sharpeners 812
Type 33
Polishing Stones 812
Undifferentiated Polishers 812
Type 40
Probable Pot Polishers 819
Type 41
Large Polishers 823
Type 42
Broken Edge Polishers 830
Type 43
Type 44 "Lightning Stones" 830
Anvils . . . . 834
Type 50: Undifferentiated Anvils 834
Type 52: Anvil-abraders 834
General Site Information 841
The Sites 851
29SJ 299 856
Pueblo Alto (29SJ 389) 856
Rabbit Ruin (29SJ 390) 882
vii
Una Vida (29SJ 391) 882
29SJ 423 887
29SJ 627 890
29SJ 628 909
29SJ 629 914
29SJ 633 922
29SJ 721 922
29SJ 724 927
29SJ 1360 927
Shabik'eshchee Village (29SJ 1659) 934
References 935
Appendix 5A: Abrader Random Sample Format 938
Appendix 5B: Abrader Analysis Format 942
Appendix 5C: Material and Artifact Types from the Inventory 945
VOLUME III.
6. A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF HAMMERSTONES FROM CHACO CANYON,
NEW MEXICO by W. H. Wills 947
Preface 947
Introduction 947
Variables 948
Classification 949
Function 961
Source Areas 964
Temporal Variation . . 964
Spatial Distribution 967
Conclusions 972
References 972
Appendix 6A: Hammerstone Analysis Form 975
7. AN ANALYSIS OF AXES AND MAULS FROM CHACO CANYON, NEW
MEXICO by Cory Dale Breternitz 977
Introduction 977
The Sample 980
29SJ 627 980
29SJ 628 980
29SJ 629 989
29SJ 1360 989
29SJ 721 989
29SJ 724 989
viii