Ceramics in Severe Environments: Proceedings of the Sixth University Conference on Ceramic Science North Carolina State University at Raleigh December 7–9, 1970 PDF
Preview Ceramics in Severe Environments: Proceedings of the Sixth University Conference on Ceramic Science North Carolina State University at Raleigh December 7–9, 1970
MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH Volume 5 CERAMICS IN SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH Volume 1: Proceedings of the 1962 Research Conference on Structure and Properties of Engineering Materials - edited by H. H. Stadelmaier and W. W. Austin Volume 2: Proceedings of the 1964 Southern Metals/Materials Conference - edited by H. M. Otte and S. R. Locke Volume 3: Proceedings of the 1964 Conference on the Role of Grain Bound aries and Surfaces in Ceramics - edited by W. Wurth Kriegel and Hayne Palmour III Volume 4: Proceedings of the 1967 International Symposium on Kinetics and Reactions in Ionic Systems - edited by T. J. Gray and V. D. Frechette Volume 5: Proceedings of the 1970 Conference on Ceramics in Severe Environments - edited by W. Wurth Kriegel and Hayne Palmour III MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH. Volume 5 CERAMICS IN SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS Proceedings of the Sixth ,Vniversity Conference on Ceramic Science North Carolina State University at Raleigh December 7-9, 1970 Edited by W. Wurth Kriegel Department of Materials Engineering North Carolina State University and Hayne Palmour III Department of Engineering Research North Carolina State University g:> PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK • 1971 SIXTH UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE ON CERAMIC SCIENCE This Conference was held at the Hilton Inn adjacent to North Carolina State University at Raleigh, December 7-9,1970. The Conference was con ducted by the School of Engineering through the Division of Continuing Education of North Carolina St~te University in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Army Research Office-Durham, and the U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Laboratories. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-17645 ISBN 978-1-4684-3143-8 ISBN 978-1-4684-3141-4 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-3141-4 © 1971 Plenum Press. New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10 6SE, London, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher PREFACE This volume constitutes the Proceedings of the Sixth University Conference on Ceramic Science which was held at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, December 7-9, 1970. Previous host institutions and resultant publications in this ongoing series have been: 1. North Carolina State University, November 16-18, 1964. W. W. K:r>iegeZ and H. PaZmour III~ Eds. ~ The RoZe of Grain Boundaries and Surfaaes in Ceramias. 631 pp.~ Mater'iaZs Saienae Researah~ Vol-. 3~ PZenwn P1'eSs~ New York~ 1966 . • 2. University of Notre Dame, June 21-23, 1965. G. C. Kuazynski~ N. A. Hooten and C. F. Gibbon~ Eds.~ Sintering and ReZated Phenomena~ 894 pp. Gordon and Breaah Saienae New 1967. PubZishers~ Ina.~ York~ 3. University of California at Berkeley, June 13-16, 1966. R. M. FuZrath and J. A. Pask~ Eds.~ Ceramia ~arostruatures Their AnaZysis~ Signifiaanae and Produatidn. 1008 pp. John WiZey & New 1968. Sons~ Ina.~ York~ 4. State University of New York, College of Ceramics at Alfred University, June 18-23, 1967. T. J. Gray and V. D. Freahette~ Eds.~ Kinetias of Reaations in Ionia SoZids. 571 pp. MateriaZs Saienae Researah~ VoZ. 4~ PZenwn Press~ New York~ 1969. 5. University of Florida, Novem1:>er 10-14, 1969. L. L. Henah and D. B. Dove~ Eds.~ Physias of EZeatronia Ceramias. M. Ina. (In Press). Dekker~ The 1970 conference directed special attention to appZiaations of ceramics. In many instances ceramics are qualified (often uniquely) for service in situations so severe that other classes of materials cannot be reliably employed. This volume, comprising 41 invited papers by a total of 72 contributing authors, examines new findings and presents technologically significant effects (and limitations) relating to ceramic materials, their properties, and their uses which are attributable to chemical, thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic and/or nuclear radiation environments. Interest is focused on environmental factors, singly or in combination, which are characterized as severe or even extreme in terms of their influence upon materials. Though they challenge materials scientists and engineers and the materials they develop and produce, these severe environments are both characteristic of and critically important to our highly technological society. v PREFACE vi The breadth and importance of the field is so large, and the stature of the individual contributing authors so great, that it was not possible to designate anyone person or paper to keynote the Conference and its Proceedings. Rather, we suggest that the theme itself--Ceramics in Severe Environments--be considered the keynote issue. Ceramics of real technological interest are likely to have their most important advantages and their greatest use potentials in these difficult situations. Future trends in this vital field will be inescapably linked (as have those in the past) with economic and technologic justifications which both stimulate and place practical limits upon all phases (research, design, fabrication, testing, and evaluation) of significant new product developments. Clearly, scientific understanding of constitution microstructure-environment-property relationships of the kinds con sidered in this volume is urgently needed in preparing to meet complex engineering requirements for ceramic and composite materials in the future. One cannot engage in planning, conducting, and editing an educational venture of this magnitude without support and assistance from a great many persons. We emerge from the experience with renewed appreciation for the accomplishments of teamwork and with deep personal gratitude and respect for the dedicated efforts of each of the individuals who contributed so much to making it all possible. The List of Contributors (P. viii) formally acknowledges the many services rendered by the members of the Conference Staff and the several Session Chairmen, as well as the creative efforts of an international group of distinguished Authors. We extend our special personal thanks to each one for the cooperative attitudes, timely responses, and many helpful suggestions which have characterized all of our working relationships with them. On behalf of the participants, the University, and the ceramic profession at large, we also gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by the three sponsoring agencies: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Army Research Office - Durham, and U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Laboratories. To ha~e proceeded without adequate funding would have been impractical; to have obtained it in these fiscally difficult times without dedicated supporting effort on the part of the cognizant sponsors' representatives would have been impossible. We are endebted to J. J. Gangler (NASA), H.M. Davis (ARO-D), and H.C. Graham, N.M. Tallan and H.A. Davis (ARL) for their effective and most helpful advocacy. As in the past, North Carolina State University has contributed very substant·ially of its time, effort and good will in making PREFACE vii possible this sixth in the series of University Conferences on Ceramic Science. Frequent assistance was rendered and patient forbearance was often displayed by our University associates, in cluding students, faculty and staff colleagues, and concerned administrators, during the many months we have been deeply involved in planning, organizing, and editing. We are especially grateful for the active participation in the Conference program by Provost H. C. Kelly, welcoming attendees to the University; Dean of Engi neering R. E. Fadum, presiding at the Conference Dinner; and Associate Dean of Engineering H. B. Smith, introducing the tour of the campus research facilities. Chancellor John T. Caldwell was featured as the dinner speaker, presenting a stimulating and timely address entitled "The Role of Education in Man's Changing Envirqnment." In any such undertaking, the prospects of a favorable outcome really rest upon the skills, enthusiasms, and efforts of a few persons who work with dedication, but largely behind the scenes. Thus, we wish to acknowledge with very special personal thanks Mrs. Janice Mudge for secretarial assistance before, during, and after the Conference; M. L. Huckabee and C. E. Zimmer for serving so effectively as Conference projectionists; Mrs. Ann Ethridge, assisted by Miss Beth JohnsonJfor skillful, patient, and effective typing of the entire Proceedings; and Miss Johnson, Mr. Huckabee, and Mr. Zimmer for major assistance in indexing. Finally, it is appropriate to acknowledge with real affection the patience, tol erance, and tangible and moral support we have been accorded by our respective families and friends during this period of editorial servitude. W.W. Kriegel Raleigh Hayne Palmour III June 24, 1971 CONTRIBUTORS CONFERENCE STAFF NOKfH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Co-Chairmen W. W. Kriegel, Professor and Graduate Administrator, Materials Engineering Department H. Palmour III, Research Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Engineering Research Program and Publication Advisors W. o. Doggett, Professor of Physics R. A. Douglas, Associate Head, Department of Engineering Mechanics H. H. Stadelmaier, Research Professor of Metallurgy R. F. Stoops, Acting Director, Department of Engineering Research APzoa:ngements M. E. Shields, Coordinator, Division of Continuing Education Hospitality and Tours W. W. Austin, Head, Department of Materials Engineering T. S. Elleman, Professor and Graduate Administrator, Department of Nuclear Engineering J. C. Hurt, Assistant Professor, Materials Engineering Publicity M. N. Yionoulis, Engineering Publications and Information, Office of Information Services CONFERENCE SESSION CHAIRMEN L. L. Hench University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601 G. C. Kuczynski University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556 E. E. Mueller State University of New York at Alfred University, Alfred, N. Y. 14802 J. I. Mueller University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105 R. M. Spriggs Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 18105 S. M. Wiederhorn National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 viii AllfHORS A. ACCARY Centre D'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France C. B. ALCOCK University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada M. G. BADER University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England J. E. BAILEY University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England H. A. BARKER University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England J. L. BATES Battelle Northwest, Richland, Wash. 99352 P. F. BECHER U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20390 J. R. BEELER North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27607 I. BELL University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England H. S. BENNETT National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 S. A. BORTZ I.I.T. Research Institute, Chicago, Ill. 60616 W. A. BRANTLEY U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172 W. H. BOYER Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Pleasanton, Calif. 94566 J. D. BUCKLEY National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Va. 23365 J. E. BURKE General Electric Research and Development Center, Schenectady, N.Y. 12301 ix AUTHORS x S. C. CARNIGLIA Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Pleasanton, Calif. 94566 A. E. CLARK University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601 A. H. CLAUER Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201 J. C. CONWAY Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pa. 16801 J. A. COOLEY Martin-Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colo. 80201 A. R. COOPER Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 D. R. CROPPER University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720 H. H. DAVIS Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 R. H. DOREMUS General Electric Research and Development Center Schenectady, N. Y. 12301 L. L. FEHRENBACHER Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 W. J. FERGUSON U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20390 R. F. FIRESTONE Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 D. J. GODFREY Admiralty Materials Laboratory, Holton Heath Dorset, (BH16 6JU) England H. C. GRAHAM Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 G. O. HARRELL North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27607 D. P. H. HASSELMAN Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015
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