Ceramics in Advanced Energy Technologies: Proceedings of the European Colloquium held at the Joint Research Centre, Petten Establishment, Petten, The Netherlands, 20–22 September 1982 PDF
Preview Ceramics in Advanced Energy Technologies: Proceedings of the European Colloquium held at the Joint Research Centre, Petten Establishment, Petten, The Netherlands, 20–22 September 1982
CERAMICS IN ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Colloquium sponsored by: - Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General: Science, Research and Development, Directorate General: Industrial Affairs and Internal Market - Committee of Senior COST Officials Co-sponsors: - CERAME UNIE - British Ceramic Society - Dutch Ceramic Society - French Ceramic Society - German Ceramic Society - Institute of Industrial Research and Standards, Dublin, Irl. CERAMICS IN ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Proceedings of the European Colloquium held at the Joint Research Centre, Petten Establishment, Petten, The Netherlands, 20-22 September 1982 edited by H.KROCKEL M.MERZ O. VAN DER BlEST CEC, JRC Petten Establishment Petten, The Netherlands D. Reidel Publishing Company ~. A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP " Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster for the Commission of the European Communities Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Ceramics in advanced energy technologies. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Ceramics in Advanced Energy Technology. I. Ceramic materials-Congresses. 2. Energy development-Congresses. 3. Power (Mechanics)-Congresses. I. Krockel, H. II. Merz, M. III. Biest, O. van der. IV. European Colloquium on Ceramics in Advanced Energy Technology (1982 : Joint Research Centre, Petten Establishment) V. Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development. VI. Commission of the European Communities. TA455.C43C47 1984 620.1'4'024621 84-8212 ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6426-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6424-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-6424-2 Lay-out: Reproduction service J.R.C. Petten Design frontcover: J. Wells, J.R.C. Ispra Publication arrangements by Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General Information Market and Innovation, Luxembourg EUR 9210 Q 1984 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984 LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland All Rights Reserved No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by ?fly means, electronic or mechanical, induding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. LIST OF CONTENTS Preface ix Welcome and Opening P.J. van Westen, Director of the CEC JRC, Petten Establishment. The Impact of the High Temperature Ceramics in Industrial Growth in the Community. 4 A.A. van Rhijn, Deputy Director General, CEC, Directorate General: Internal Market and Industrial Affairs. Session 1: Mechanical/Structural Features. Chairman: M.K. Halpin, Institute of Industrial Research and Standards, Dublin, IrI. Ceramics for Future Automotive Power Plants. 10 P. Walzer, Volkswagen A.G., Wolfsburg, FRG. Non Oxide Ceramics (Silicon Carbide, Silicon Nitride, Sialon). 23 E. Gugel, Annawerk GmbH, Rodental, FRG. Transformation-Toughened Ceramics (TIC). 51 N. Claussen, Max-Planck-Institut fr Metallforschung, Stuttgart, FRG. Cracking Resistance of Alumina-Based Polyphase Ceramics. 87 H. Le Doussal, G. Bisson, Societe Franc;aise de Ceramique, Paris, F. Mechanical Properties and Engineering Design with Ceramics. 98 R.W. Davidge, AERE Harwell, U.K. Engineering of Refractory Structures. 120 G.C. Padgett, F.T. Palin, British Ceramic Research Association, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K. Joining of Ceramics for High Temperature Applications. 138 M. Erz, H.W. Hennicke, Technische Universitat, Clausthal, FRG. Nondestructive Testing of Ceramics. 157 K. Goebbels, H. Reiter, Fraunhofer-Institut fur zerstorungsfreie Priifverfahren, Saarbriicken, FRG. Session 2: ThermaIlPhysical Features. Chairman: P. Popper, British Ceramic Research Association, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K. On the Use of Ceramics in Diesel Engines. 178 B. Palm, Saab-Scania, Sodertalje, S. Recuperative Ceramic Heat Exchanger. 208 S. Schindler, A. Krauth, Rosenthal Technik A.G., Selb, FRG. SiSiC -A Material for High Temperature Ceramic Heat Exchangers. 231 R. Rottenbacher, G. Willmann, Dornier System GmbH, Friedrichshafen, FRG. MHO Systems. 250 L.H.Th. Rietjens, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, NL. Session 3: Chemical Features. Chairman: H. Hausner, Technische Universltiit, Berlin, FRG. Refractories in Coal Gasification Plants. 263 R. Diirrfeld, Ruhrkohle, Oel und Gas GmbH, Bottrop, FRG. Refractories for Coal Gasification. The State-of-the-Art in the U.S. 283 C.R. Kennedy, P.E. Schlett, Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Florham Park, N.J., U.S.A. Refractories Problems in Coal Gasifiers. 318 J.P. Kiehl, Lafarge Refractaires, Venissieux, F. Thermodynamic Aspects of the Application of Ceramics/Refractories in Advanced Energy Technologies. 348 A. Muan, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Inorganic, Porous Membranes Preparation, Structure and Potential Applications. 367 K. Keizer, A.F.M. Leenaars, A.J. Burggraaf, T.H. Twente, Enschede, NL. Session 4: Electrical and Electronics Features. Chairman: C. Palmonari, Centro Ceramico, Bologna, I. Ceramic Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Devices. 386 B.C.H. Steele, Imperial College, London, U.K. Beta-Alumina for Sodium-Sulphur Batteries. 413 A. Wicker, Laboratoires de Marcoussis, Compagnie Generale d'Electricite, Marcoussis, F. Ceramics for Sensors and Monitors. 422 P. McGeehin, D.E. Williams, AERE, Harwell, U.K. Sensors, Thin Films, Electrodes. 469 O. de Pous, Battelle, Geneva, Ch. Production of Zirconia Fibers from Sol-Gels for Water Electrolysis Application. 501 E. Leroy, C. Robin-Brosse, J.P. Torre, Lafarge Refractaires, Trappes, F. Final session: Chairman: A. Baudran, Societe Frant;aise de Ceramique, Paris, F. Ceramic Fabrication. 518 R.J. Brook, University of Leeds, U.K. vi Panel Discussion 526 Panel Members: A. Majdie, Forschungsinstitut der Feuerfest-Industrie, Bonn, FRG. R. Metselaar, University of Technology, Eindhoven, NL A. Mocellin, Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne, CR, P. Popper, British Ceramic Research Association, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K. Post-Colloquium Workshop Conclusions 534 List of Participants 537 vii ORGANIZING COMMITTEE BOEHMER, Dr. M. DFVLR, Koln, FRG BROUSSAUD, D. Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines, Evry, F BURGGRAAF, Prof. A.J. Twente, Enschede, NL EHRENTREICH, J.W. CEC, DG III, Brussels, B FERRERO, G.L. CEC, DG XII, Brussels, B HERMANS SON , L. Swedish Institute for Silicate Research, Goteborg, S KENNEDY, Dr.A. IRRS, Dublin, Ir!. KROCKEL,H. CEC, DG XII JRC Petten, NL LE DOUSSAL, H. Societe Fran"aise de Ceramique, Paris, F LIVEY, Dr. D.T. AERE, Harwell, UK LUX, Prof. B. (Chairman) University of Vienna, AU MANTYLA, Dr. T. University of Tampere, SF MAJDIC, Prof. A. Forschungsinstitut der Feuerfest-Industrie, Bonn, FRG MENERET,J. Societe Lafarge Refractaires, Paris, F MERZM. CEC, DG XII JRC Petten, NL MOROCUTTI, O. CEC, DG XII, Brussels, B NANETTI, Dr. C.A. Spica Spa, Livomo, I NOSBUSCH, H. CEC, DG XII, Brussels, B PALMONARI, Prof. C. Centro Ceramico, Bologna, I POPPER, Dr. P. British Ceramic Research Association, Stoke-on-Trent, UK SEIERSTEIN, M. CIIR, Oslo, N SISKENS, Dr. C.A.M. TNO, Eindhoven, NL viii PREFACE The European Colloquium on Ceramics in Advanced Energy Technology dealt with structural, mechanical, thermo-physical, chemical and electrical/electronics aspects of ceramics, as candidates materials in advanced energy conversion systems. The technical programme included the presentation of 22 invited papers. The Colloquium was concluded by a panel discussion which was preceeded by a presentation on the Ceramic Fabrication. For convenience, papers and discussions are arranged in the same way as they were presented at the Colloquium, followed by the conclusions drawn by the panel members. The editors wish to express their gratitude to the authors for the preparation and the presentation of their papers and to the Colloquium participants for providing their discussion contributions. They also acknowledge the valuable contributions to the planning and realisation of the Colloquium made by the representatives of the various sponsoring and co-sponsoring organisations. The excellent guidance of the Colloquium discussion periods exercised by the session chairmen is highly appreciated as well as the efforts of the panel members to prepare the conclusions from the Colloquium sessions. The contributions of all others which assured a successful Colloquium from which these proceedings evolved are gratefully appreciated. In a Post-Colloquium Workshop a number of experts discussed results obtained from the Colloquium and identified areas warranting future R&D efforts. The conclusions drawn from the Workshop are annexed to these proceedings. The Editors. ix Welcome and opening P.J. van Westen, C.E.C., D.G. XII, J.R.C., Petten Establishment. Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my duty and above all my pleasure, as Director of the Petten Establishment, to welcome you here to this place. I should like to add to my welcome a few words on the connection between this colloquium and our work at Petten, which is one of the four establishments of the Joint Research Centre. We are, in fact, in charge of three different research activities and among them, it is the High Temperature Materials programme which has brought us together at this colloquium. The experimental research of this programme is concerned with mechanical properties of H.T.M. 's in aggressive environments. Around this experimental research, some other activities are placed, including a data bank on H.T.M. properties and an Information Centre. This Information Centre establishes communication with industries, research institutes and other organisations, carries out surveys and inquiries and organises courses, conferences, workshops and meetings. It is in this context that this colloquium has been organised. In opening this colloquium I should like to stress that high temperatures are fundamental to advanced energy conversion and utilization technologies. We all realise that development and technology in this field is of the utmost importance now and will, very likely, remain as important in decades to come. The present energy supply problems force us to reduce our dependence on gas and oil by strong efforts in two areas: conserving energy both by using it more effectively and by avoiding wastage, and supplementing these fuels by coal and nuclear energy and by other primary energy sources such as biomass, wind power, solar energy, wherever technically and economically feasible (and environmentally acceptable). Since the thermal efficiency of energy conversion processes generally shows a strong temperature dependence, most of these systems imply advanced technologies operating at high temperatures. This has led to an increasing demand for structural materials of higher temperature capability. Industries like steel, cement and electricity production, which operate with high temperatures, provide the greatest
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