Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering

775 Pages·2013·39.852 MB·English

by  C. Barry Carter, M. Grant Norton

Ceramic Materials

Ceramic Materials
Science and Engineering
C. Barry Carter
M. Grant Norton
Second Edition
C.BarryCarter M.GrantNorton
DepartmentofChemical,Materials SchoolofMechanicalandMaterials
andBiomolecularEngineering Engineering
UniversityofConnecticut WashingtonStateUniversity
Storrs,CT06269,USA Pullman,WA99164,USA
[email protected] [email protected]
DetailsforFiguresandTablesarelistedfollowingtheindex
ISBN978-1-4614-3522-8 ISBN978-1-4614-3523-5(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-3523-5
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012939221
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation
arebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyfor
thepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserof
thework.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsofthe
CopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways
beobtainedfromSpringer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyright
ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor
anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with
respecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Praise for Ceramic Materials
“Theunprecedentedcompletenessofthisbookmakesitabibleonceramicmaterials.
It is a must read textbook for researchers, graduate students, and undergraduate
students who are interested in ceramics.” —Zhong Lin Wang, Regents’ Professor,
The Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology
“...an outstanding introduction to the subject, clearly written, very detailed, and
actuallyfunandquiteeasytoreadforanyonewithsomebasicscientificbackground.
Eachchaptercontainsseveralexercises,whichthisreviewerfoundtobeveryhelpful.
I also found extremely useful the shaded boxes on almost every page with short
definitions plus “people in history.” After being exposed to many books on ceramic
scienceduringmy40-yearcareer,IfinallyfoundabookwithwhichIcanrestartmy
ceramic education again.” —Dr. Antoni Tomsia, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory
“...avaluableresourceforthematerialsscienceandengineeringcommunity,both
as a textbook and as a general reference to this important field ... recommended
reading and a serious study source for anyone interested in ceramics....” —Professor
Richard W. Siegel, Director, Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Poly-
technicInstitute
“The book is just wonderful, and one can only envy what the authors have done!
It is the best book I have seen to date. Very clearly written with excellent examples
and explanations [as well as] beautiful figures and photographs.” —Professor Safa
Kasap,CanadaResearchChairinElectronicandOptoelectronicMaterials,University
ofSaskatchewan
“This new book...covers all important topics including history, microstructures,
tools, defects, mechanical properties, and processing of ceramics for understanding
andsolvingtheproblemsofceramicscienceandengineering,....”—ProfessorYuichi
Ikuhara,TheUniversityofTokyo
“Thisisacomprehensivetextcovering,asthetitlesuggests,boththescienceand
engineeringofceramicmaterials.WhatIparticularlylikeaboutthepresentationofthe
materialisthatitisbrokendownintousefulthemedsectionswhererelatedtopicsare
grouped together.... This will be a very useful text for MSE undergraduate ceramic
courses and for post graduates starting M.Sc. or Ph.D. work and who are new to the
field of ceramic materials.” —Professor John Kilner, BCH Steele Chair in Energy
Materials,DepartmentofMaterials,ImperialCollegeLondon
“Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering is a very thorough book.... Its
uniqueness lies in the coverage of fundamentals...[as well as] properties and
applications...at an unparalleled level, while also providing excellent sections on
defects and processing.... Carter and Norton’s book is a must have in the ceramics
field.” —Juan Claudio Nino, UFRF Professor, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville
“ItisnomeantasktocompetewithKingeryetal.’sclassictextbookonthesubject,
buttheauthorshavemanagedtoprovideafreshnewperspectiveonthesubjectwith
theiruniqueandstudent-friendlywritingstylecoupledwithspectaculargraphicsand
v
PRAISE FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS ..............................................................................................
micrographs ... a truly remarkable text that is bound to become a benchmark in
the field.” —Professor N. Ravishankar, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute
ofScience
“...an excellent introductory textbook and basic reference for students and
professionals interested in the field of technical ceramics.... There are two aspects
whichsetthisbookapartfrommostspecialtyengineeringtextbooks.First,thisbookis
replete with micrographs, photographs, and diagrams that complement the refresh-
ingly easy-to-read text. Second, the authors discuss the field of technical ceramics
in a societal context that will help novices understand why ceramics are important
to our past and future. In summary, I highly recommend this text.” —Doreen
Edwards, Dean and Professor of Materials Science, Inamori School of Engineering
atAlfredUniversity
“Asapractitionerofceramicscienceandtechnologyoverthelast25years,Iwas
trulyamazedwiththeeasytounderstandandquiteinnovativepresentationapproach
ofvariouscontentsinthebook....Thisbookprovidesacomprehensivelookatvarious
topicsfromthefundamentalaspectsofceramicstothepropertiesrequiredforvarious
applications....Iamsurethis bookwillserve akeyreference tostudents,technology
developers, and end users all over the world.” —Dr. Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Chief
Scientist,OhioAerospaceInstitute,NASAGlennResearchCenter
vi
.........................................................................................................................................................PRAISE FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS
This text is dedicated to our wives
Bryony Carter and Christine Wall
Words still cannot explain, describe, or say enough
Thanks to you both

About the Authors
C. Barry Carter joined the Department of Chemical, Materials, & Biomolecular
EngineeringattheUniversityofConnecticutinStorrsinJuly2007andbegana5-year
term as the Department Head. Before that he spent 12 years (1979–1991) on the
FacultyatCornellUniversityintheDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering
(MS&E) and 16 years as the 3M Heltzer Multidisciplinary Endowed Chair in the
DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience(CEMS)attheUniversity
of Minnesota (1991–2007). He worked as a research assistant to Oxford University
ProfessorH.M.(Tiny)PowelloninclusioncompoundsbeforegoinguptoCambridge
in 1967. He obtained his BA (1970), MA (1974), and ScD (2001) from Cambridge
University;hisM.Sc.(1971)andDICfromImperialCollege,London;andhisD.Phil.
(1976)fromOxfordUniversity.HewasSirPeterWilliams’sfirststudentatImperial
College,workingwithhimontheintercalationoflayermaterials.Afterapostdoctoral
interval in Oxford with his D.Phil. thesis advisor Sir Peter Hirsch, Barry moved to
Cornell University in 1977, initially as a postdoctoral fellow, then becoming an
Assistant Professor (1979), Associate Professor (1983), and Professor (1988) and
directing the Electron Microscopy Facility (1987–1991). At Minnesota, he was the
foundingDirectorof theHigh-ResolutionMicroscopy Centerandthen theAssociate
Director of the Center for Interfacial Engineering; he created the Characterization
Facility as a unified facility, including many forms of microscopy and diffraction in
onephysicallocation.Hehasheldnumerousvisitingscientistpositions:intheUnited
States at the Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and
Xerox PARC; in Sweden at Chalmers University (Gothenburg); in Germany at the
Max Planck Institut f€ur Metallforschung (Stuttgart), the Forschungszentrum J€ulich,
Hannover University, and IFW (Dresden); in France at ONERA (Chatillon); in the
UnitedKingdomatBristolUniversityandCambridgeUniversity(Peterhouse);andin
JapanattheICYSatNIMS(Tsukuba).
Dr. Carter is the co-author of two textbooks (the other is Transmission Electron
Microscopy:ATextbookforMaterialsSciencewithDavidWilliams)andtheco-editor
of six conference proceedings. He has published more than 290 refereed journal
ix
ABOUT THE AUTHORS ............................................................................................................