Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood PDF
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Central Nervous Infections-final newcover.qxd 20/3/14 16:40 Page 1 Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood EDITED BY PRATIBHA SINGHI, DIANE E GRIFFIN AND CHARLES R NEWTON II CC International Review of Child Neurology Series AA INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CHILD NEUROLOGY SERIES Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood Edited by Pratibha Singhi, Diane E Griffin and Charles R Newton ©2014 Mac Keith Press 6Market Road, London N7 9PW Editor: HilaryHart Managing Director: Ann-Marie Halligan Production Manager: Udoka Ohuonu Project Management: Pat Chappelle The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the publisher All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher First published in this edition 2014 British LibraryCataloguing-in-Publication data Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-909962-44-6 Printed by Berforts Information Press, Eynsham, Oxford, UK Cover design includes a photograph of a retina in a child with cerebral malaria demonstrating haemorrhages, white exudates and changes in the colour of the vessels (courtesy of Nick Beare), and an MRI scan depicting bilateral thalamic involvement in a child with Japanese encephalitis INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CHILD NEUROLOGY SERIES Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood Edited by PRATIBHASINGHI Professor and Chief, Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India DIANEEGRIFFIN University Distinguished Service Professor, Alfred and Jill Sommer Chair, WHarry Feinstone Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins BloombergSchool of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA and CHARLESRNEWTON Professor of Psychiatry, St John's College and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; and Senior Clinical Researcher, Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya 2014 Mac Keith Press INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CHILD NEUROLOGY SERIES SENIOR EDITOR Lieven Lagae Department of Paediatric Neurology Charles RJC Newton University Hospitals KU Leuven University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry Leuven, Belgium Oxford, UK Makiko Osawa EMERITUS SENIOR EDITOR Department of Pediatrics Tokyo Women’s Medical University Peter Procopis Tokyo, Japan The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Sydney, NSW, Australia Ingrid Tein Division of Neurology FOUNDING EDITOR Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto John Stobo Prichard Toronto, ON, Canada EDITORIAL BOARD Jo M Wilmshurst Department of Paediatric Neurology Peter Baxter Red Cross Children’s Hospital Department of Paediatric Neurology School of Child and Adolescent Health Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, University of Cape Town Sheffield, UK Cape Town, South Africa Paolo Curatolo Department of Paediatric Neurology and Psychiatry Tor Vergata University Rome, Italy iv CONTENTS AUTHORS’APPOINTMENTS vii FOREWORD x PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii 1. BURDENOFCENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMINFECTIONS 1 Charles R Newton 2. PATHOGENESISOFCENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMINFECTIONS 8 Diane E Griffin 3. THEPRINCIPLESOFMANAGEMENT OFCENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM INFECTIONS 20 Sunit Singhi 4. NEUROIMAGING 40 Niranjan Khandelwal and Zoran Rumboldt 5. CONGENITALINFECTIONS 79 James F Bale,Jr 6. FEBRILESEIZURES 92 Brian GRNeville 7. VIRALENCEPHALITISANDMENINGITIS 100 Diane E Griffin 8. HERPESSIMPLEXVIRUSINFECTIONS 115 RichardJWhitley 9. JAPANESEENCEPHALITIS 126 Rashmi Kumar and Rupa R Singh 10. RABIES 136 Chandra Kanta and Rashmi Kumar 11. HIVINFECTIONS 147 Jo M Wilmshurst,Brian S Eley and Bruce J Brew v Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood 12. ACUTEBACTERIALMENINGITIS 160 Pratibha Singhi and Sunit Singhi 13. FOCALINTRACRANIALSUPPURATION 182 Pratibha Singhi 14. TUBERCULOSIS 202 Johan F Schoeman and Ronald van Toorn 15. FUNGALINFECTIONS 219 Sunit Singhi 16. PARASITICINFECTIONS 235 Richard Idro and Charles R Newton 17. NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS 259 Pratibha Singhi 18. SPIROCHAETALINFECTIONS 272 Charles R Newton 19. MYCOPLASMALINFECTIONS 278 AriBitnun and Susan E Richardson 20. RICKETTSIALDISEASE 289 Timothy D Minniear and Steven C Buckingham 21. NEUROLOGICALCONDITIONSCAUSEDBYBACTERIALTOXINS 300 Sunit Singhi and Charles R Newton 22. POSTINFECTIOUSDISORDERS 319 John T Sladky and Hugh J Willison INDEX 356 vi AUTHORS’ APPOINTMENTS James F Bale,Jr Professor and Vice Chair,Pediatric Residency Program Director,Department of Pediatrics; and Professor,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology,The University of Utah School of Medicine,Salt Lake City, UT,USA Ari Bitnun Associate Professor,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children,University of Toronto, Canada Bruce J Brew Professor,Head of Department and Neurosciences Program Director,Department of Neurology,St Vincent’sHospital,St Vincent’sCentre for Applied Medical Research,Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit and University of New South Wales,Sydney, Australia Steven C Buckingham Associate Professor and Pediatric Residency Associate Program Director,University of Tennessee Health Science Center,Memphis,TN,USA Brian S Eley Associate Professor and Head of Paediatric Infectious Diseases,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health,Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and the University of Cape Town,Cape Town,South Africa Diane E Griffin University Distinguished Service Professor,Alfred and Jill Sommer Chair,WHarryFeinstone Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology,Johns Hopkins BloombergSchool of Public Health,Baltimore,MD, USA Richard Idro Consultant Paediatrician/Honorary Lecturer, Mulago Hospital/Makerere University College of Health Sciences,Kampala,Uganda; and Senior Clinical Research Paediatrician,Centre for Tropical Medicine,University of Oxford,UK Chandra Kanta Associate Professor,Department of Pediatrics,King George Medical University,Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh, India vii Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood Niranjan Khandelwal Professor and Head,Department of Radiodiagnosis,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,Chandigarh,India Rashmi Kumar Professor and Head,Department of Pediatrics,King George Medical University,Uttar Pradesh,Lucknow, India Timothy D Minniear Research Associate,Department of Infectious Diseases,St Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,TN,USA Brian GR Neville Emeritus Prince of Wales Professor of Epilepsy, Neurosciences Unit,Institute of Child Health, University College London,UK Charles R Newton Professor of Psychiatry,St John's College and Department of Psychiatry,University of Oxford,UK; and Senior Clinical Researcher,Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Programme,Kilifi, Kenya Susan E Richardson Head of Microbiology,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; and Senior Associate Scientist,Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Institute, Toronto; and Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,University of Toronto, Canada Zoran Rumboldt Adjunct Professor of Neuroradiology,Department of Radiology and Radiological Science,Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston,SC,USA Johan F Schoeman Professor in Pediatric Neurology,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital,Tygerberg,Western Cape, South Africa Rupa R Singh Professor,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Chair,Division of Neonatology; and Head,Nepal National Unit of UNESCO Chair in Bioethics,BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan,Nepal Pratibha Singhi Professor and Chief,Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,Chandigarh, India Sunit Singhi Professor and Head,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergencyand Intensive Care, Advanced Pediatrics Centre,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh,India viii Authors’Appointments John T Sladky Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology, Dunwoody,GA,USA Ronald van Toorn Consultant in Pediatric Neurology,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital,Western Cape,South Africa Richard J Whitley Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics,Loeb Eminent Scholar Chair in Pediatrics,and Professor of Microbiology,Medicine and Neurosurgery,The University of Alabama at Birmingham,Birmingham, AL,USA Hugh J Willison Professor of Neurology,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation,University of Glasgow, Scotland Jo M Wilmshurst Professor,Head of Department and Neurosciences Program Director,Department of Neurology,St Vincent’s Hospital,St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research,Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit and University of New South Wales,Sydney, Australia ix
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