central anatolia

446 Pages·2017·6.98 MB·English

by  Krsmanovic, Damjan

POLITICAL AUTHORITY & STORAGE IN EARLY-
MIDDLE IRON AGE (1200-800 BCE) CENTRAL
ANATOLIA

thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
at the University of Leicester

by
Damjan Krsmanovic
School of Archaeology & Ancient History
University of Leicester
December 2017
POLITICAL AUTHORITY & STORAGE IN EARLY-MIDDLE IRON AGE (1200-800
BCE) CENTRAL ANATOLIA

Damjan Krsmanovic

ABSTRACT

The Early Iron Age across the Mediterranean and Near East is increasingly
being understood as a highly dynamic period socially and politically. In the
context of Anatolia, the end of the Hittite Empire and the western Anatolian
polities brought about varied responses throughout the geo-political landscape,
which arguably influenced societies of the Middle Iron Age. This movement
from the Early to Middle Iron period (ca. 1200-800 BCE) will be examined, for
the dynamics which took place during these centuries were arguably
instrumental in giving Middle Iron communities their appearance as we
currently understand them historically and archaeologically.

In examining the character of political authority during the Early-Middle Iron
Age in central Anatolia, I define it as a process of coordinating material and
symbolic resources in order to promulgate a sense of social order and enabling
agency. I shall examine the extent to which storage practices were implicated in
these socio-political developments. Storage is a means by which people manage
and preserve resources for variable lengths of time, and the aim will be to
examine the extent to which such management and control was involved in the
workings of political authority.

Two sites in separate regions of central Anatolia – Gordion and Çadır Höyük –
will comprise the case studies informing the discussion. To investigate the
connection between storage and political authority, I shall focus on identifying
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areas used for storage in the settlements, based on material culture associated
with the activity; changing patterns through time; and the association between
these shifts in storage patterns and other changes visible in the archaeological
record. This, in turn, will allow for a discussion of the degree of connection
between storage with the political authority workings at the two sites, and what
this may articulate about Early-Middle Iron Age dynamics in central Anatolia.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Several people played a role in the writing of this thesis, whether directly or
indirectly, and have made it a better work and a more stimulating and interesting
process. Short-comings remain exclusively my own.

First I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Naoíse Mac Sweeney and Prof
Ian Whitbread for their assistance throughout the process, from the beginnings
of my vague ideas on writing about the Anatolian Iron Age, to honing the topic
and connecting it to pertinent material which would provide a point of
discussion. I thank Ian for sharing his know-how on pottery analysis, from
typologies to intricate analysis such as petrography. I particularly thank Naoíse
for agreeing to take on the task of guiding this project and myself, and for her
continual support, from mundane thesis-related matters to enabling me to go
to the 2017 AIA conference.

Particular thanks go to the people running and involved in the two
archaeological projects which furnished me with the raw data for my analysis. I
would like to thank the director of Gordion, Prof Brian Rose, and the directors
of Çadır Höyük, Profs Sharon Steadman and Greg McMahon, for giving an
unknown student the opportunity to work at these two marvellous and
different-from-one-another sites, and taking an interest in my somewhat
unusual topic of research.

I would also like to thank Dr Gareth Darbyshire, the Gordion archivist, for his
support of my work, stimulating conversations on the site, punk music and
making available unpublished material; and Prof Mary Voigt for answering my
queries on Early Iron Age Gordion from the 1988-89 excavations. I thank also
particular team members: Dr Gebhard Bieg, Dr Beth Dusinberre, Braden
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Cordivari, Lucas Stephens and Kate Morgan, for helping me clarify my ideas,
listening to me expostulate on the importance of storage practice in the context
of political workings, providing bibliographic material, and going on field trips
to neighbouring sites.

At Çadır Höyük, Dr Jennifer Ross deserves particular thanks for answering my
queries on her excavations of the Iron Age levels, Iron Age pottery
classification, and providing unpublished material relating to the excavations in
trench USS 4. I thank Dr Marica Cassis, the ideal depot work companion, and
commiseration on disciplinary problems shared by the Byzantine and Iron Age
disciplines, as well as letting me cheekily work on some of the Byzantine
artefacts from the site.

I also thank the excavators at Kaman-Kalehöyük for hosting me in 2015 and
answering my questions regarding the site, particularly Drs Sachihiro Omura,
Masako Omura and Kimiyoshi Matsumura.

Thanks are due to my many friends at University of Leicester, not only for
adopting me as one of their own, but also helping at various points in the course
of this work, whether proofreading or bouncing around ideas, thanks to Jane
Ainsworth, Eleonora Zampieri, Doug Mitcham, Sarah Newstead, Bori Nyiri
and Giacomo Savani. Particular thanks also due to Matt Mandich and Bastiaan
Steffens for letting me use their office in the final days leading up to the first
submission deadline while all the furniture in the offices was being overhauled.

I would also thank my old friends Will Anderson and Michelle Negus Cleary,
with whom I’ve worked for a long time in the field, for their support of my
archaeological endeavours and maintaining the ‘sanctity’ of our team
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aspirations, and Will for reading and commenting on some of the chapters of
this work.

Last but not least, to my parents, for continually playing the vital, yet often
unseen role, which has contributed towards the successes in my life.

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. The State of Research on the Anatolian Iron Age 11
Chapter 3. Interpreting Politics, Authority and Power – Theoretical Approaches 52
Chapter 4. Conceptualizing Storage 78
Chapter 5. The Archaeology of EIA-MIA Gordion 115
Chapter 6. Storage at EIA Gordion 146
Chapter 7. Storage at MIA Gordion 161
Chapter 8. The Archaeology of the Çadır Höyük and the Kızılırmak
Region in the EIA-MIA 197
Chapter 9. Storage at EIA-MIA Çadır Höyük 220
Chapter 10. Political Authority & Storage in EIA-MIA Central Anatolia 251
Tables 277
Figures 310
Bibliography 371
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LIST OF IN-TEXT TABLES

Table 7.1. YHSS 6A Narrow-Necked Amphora MNV 171
Table 7.2. YHSS 6A Open-Mouthed Amphora MNV 173
Table 7.3. YHSS 6A Storage Jar/Pithos MNV 175
Table 7.4. YHSS 6A Storage Vessel MNV (TB and CC buildings) 182
Table 7.5. Storage Ceramics and weaving equipment counts, TB and
CC buildings 184
Table 7.6. Storage ceramics and weaving equipment relative percentage,
TB and CC buildings 184
Table 9.1. EIA torpedo jar rim diameter, USS 4 223
Table 9.2. EIA Open-mouth jar rim diameter, USS 4 225
Table 9.3. EIA holemouth jar rim diameter, USS 4 225
Table 9.4. EIA pithos rim diameter, USS 4 229
Table. 9.5. EIA-MIA torpedo jar rim diameter, USS 4 232
Table 9.6. EIA-MIA open-mouth jar rim diameter, USS 4 233
Table 9.7. EIA-MIA pithos rim diameter, USS 4 234
Table 9.8. MIA torpedo jar rim diameter, USS 4 236
Table 9.9. MIA open-mouth jar rim diameter, USS 4 237
Table 9.10. MIA holemouth jar rim diameter, USS 4 238
Table 9.11. MIA pithos rim diameter, USS 4 239
Table 9.12. MIA pithos dimensions, Boğazköy, Büyükkaya 240

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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Table 1. Operation 3 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 277
Table 2. Operation 4 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 277
Table 3. Operation 5 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 277
Table 7. Operation 6 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 278
Table 5. Operation 10 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 278
Table 6. Operation 11 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 279
Table 7. Operation 14 YHSS 7 Phases (adapted from Voigt 2009b) 279
Table 8. Operation 3 YHSS 7 large vessel inventory 280
Table 9. Operation 4 YHSS 7 large vessel inventory 280
Table 10. Operation 5 YHSS 7 large vessel inventory 281
Table 11. Operation 10 YHSS 7 large vessel inventory 282
Table 12. Operation 11 YHSS 7 large vessel inventory 282
Table 13. Operation 14 YHSS 7 large vessel inventory 283
Table 14. YHSS 6A Megaron 2 storage vessel inventory 283
Table 15. YHSS 6A Megaron 3 storage vessel inventory 284
Table 16. YHSS 6A Megaron 4 storage vessel inventory 284
Table 17. YHSS 6A CC 1 storage vessel inventory 287
Table 18. YHSS 6A CC 2 storage vessel inventory 287
Table 19. YHSS 6A CC 3 storage vessel inventory 288
Table 20. YHSS 6A TB 1 storage vessel inventory 289
Table 21. YHSS 6A TB 2 storage vessel inventory 290
Table 22. YHSS 6A TB 3 storage vessel inventory 290
Table 23. YHSS 6A TB 4 storage vessel inventory 291
Table 24. YHSS 6A TB 5 storage vessel inventory 291
Table 25. YHSS 6A TB 6 storage vessel inventory 292
Table 26. YHSS 6A TB 7 storage vessel inventory 292
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Table 27. YHSS 6A TB 8 storage vessel inventory 293
Table 28. List of EIA locus descriptions at Çadır Höyük bearing
storage ceramics 294
Table 29. Çadır Höyük EIA torpedo jar inventory, USS 4 294
Table 30. Çadır Höyük EIA open mouth and holemouth jar inventory,
USS 4 299
Table 31. Çadır Höyük EIA pithos inventory, USS 4 300
Table 32. List of EIA-MIA locus descriptions at Çadır Höyük bearing
storage ceramics 302
Table 33. Çadır Höyük EIA-MIA torpedo jar inventory, USS 4 303
Table 34. Çadır Höyük EIA-MIA open mouth and holemouth jar
inventory, USS 4 304
Table 35. Çadır Höyük EIA-MIA pithos inventory, USS 4 305
Table 36. Çadır Höyük MIA torpedo jar inventory, USS 4 306
Table 37. Çadır Höyük MIA open mouth and holemouth jar inventory,
USS 4 307
Table 38. Çadır Höyük MIA pithos inventory, USS 4 308
Table 39. Çadır Höyük MIA krater inventory, USS 4 309

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