Censoring Racial Ridicule: Irish, Jewish, and African American Struggles over Race and Representation, 1890-1930 PDF
Preview Censoring Racial Ridicule: Irish, Jewish, and African American Struggles over Race and Representation, 1890-1930
censoring racial ridicule This page intentionally left blank censoring r acial ridicule Irish, Jewish, and African American Struggles over Race and Representation, 1890–1930 m. alison kibler The University of North Carolina Press chapel hill © 2015 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Designed and set in Arno Pro and Calluna Sans by Rebecca Evans Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committ ee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003. Cover illustration: Courtesy of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio. AmericanJewishArchives.org Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Kibler, M. Alison. Censoring racial ridicule : Irish, Jewish, and African American struggles over race and representation, 1890–1930 / M. Alison Kibler. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4696-1836-4 (pbk : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4696-1837-1 (ebook) 1. Racism and the arts — United States — History — 19th century. 2. Racism and the arts — United States — History — 20th century. 3. Stereotypes (Social psychology) in motion pictures. 4. Theater and society — United States — History — 19th century. 5. Theater and society — United States — History — 20th century. 6. Racism in popular culture — United States — History — 1 9th century. 7. Racism in popular culture — United States — History — 1 9th century. 8. United States — Ethnic relations — History — 19th century. 9. United States — E thnic relations — History — 20th century. I. Title. NX180.R3K53 2015 305.800973 — d c23 2014035498 for dennis, john, and therese This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments xi introduction 1 chapter one The Minstrel Show and the Melee 21 Irish, Jewish, and African Americans in Popular Culture and Politics chapter two Practical Censorship 51 Irish American Theater Riots chapter three Immoral . . . in the Broad Sense 82 Censoring Racial Ridicule in Legitimate Theater chapter four Shylock and Sambo Censored 116 Jewish and African American Campaigns for Race- Based Motion Picture Censorship chapter five Are the Hebrews to Have a Censor? 147 Jewish Censors in Chicago chapter six Without Fear or Favor 171 Free- Speech Advocates Confront Race- Based Censorship conclusion 203 Notes 219 Bibliography 279 Index 301 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations D. W. Griffi th’s The Rise and Fall of Free Speech 15 “Hebrew” comedian Joe Welch 27 Joe Weber and Lew Fields 29 African American activists objected to Ernest Hogan’s “All Coons Look Alike to Me” 31 Ernest Hogan in his vaudeville makeup 32 Front- page coverage of the batt le against the Stage Irishman 52 The Russell Brothers in “The Irish Servant Girls” 61 Irish nationalists objected to the “brutal” caricature of an Irish woman 76 S. Joe Brown 90 Scene from Act II of The Clansman 94 Scene from Act III of The Clansman 95 Judge Mayer Sulzberger 99 Cartoon mocking The Playboy of the Western World, William Butler Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory 105 Joseph McGarrity 108 Joseph McGarrity with friends and family in Atlantic City 109 Rabbi Stephen Wise 141 Adolf Kraus 153 Major Metellus L. C. Funkhouser 155
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