Cengage Advantage Books: Western Civilization, Volume 2

748 Pages·2010·101.273 MB·English

by  Jackson J. Spielvogel

Western
Civilization
Volume II: Since 1500
Seventh Edition
ADVANTAGE EDITION
Jackson J. Spielvogel
The Pennsylvania State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Western Civilization, © 2011, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Volume II: Since 1500,
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Seventh Edition,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 11 10 09
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Brief Contents
13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century 415
14 Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500–1800 456
15 State Building and the Search for Order in
the Seventeenth Century 493
16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution
and the Emergence of Modern Science 541
17 The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment 571
18 The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars,
and Social Change 603
19 A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon 638
20 The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society 678
21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815–1850 712
22 An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850–1871 749
23 Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871–1894 785
24 An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894–1914 823
25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and
Revolution 866
26 The Futile Search for Stability: Europe between the Wars,
1919–1939 905
27 The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II 947
28 Cold War and A New Western World, 1945–1965 989
29 Protest and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965–1985 1030
30 After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age
(Since 1985) 1057
iii
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Contents
Preface viii 15
Introduction to Students of
Western Civilization xii STATE BUILDING AND THE
About the Author xv SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 493
13
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions 494
The Practice of Absolutism:
REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS
Western Europe 502
WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and
CENTURY 415
Northern Europe 513
Prelude to Reformation 416
Limited Monarchy and Republics 523
Martin Luther and the Reformation
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE: Dutch
in Germany 419
Domesticity 527
The Spread of the Protestant
The Flourishing of European
Reformation 429
Culture 534
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A Reformation
Debate: Conflict at Marburg 432 16
The Social Impact of the Protestant
Reformation 438 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN
The Catholic Reformation 440 AND A NEW EARTH: THE
Politics and the Wars of Religion in SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND
the Sixteenth Century 445 THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN
SCIENCE 541
14
Background to the Scientific
EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW Revolution 542
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in
ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800 456
Astronomy 543
On the Brink of a New World 457
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A New
New Horizons: The Portuguese and
Heaven? Faith Versus Reason 552
Spanish Empires 460
Advances in Medicine and
New Rivals on the World Stage 470
Chemistry 554
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: West Meets
Women in the Origins of Modern
East: An Exchange of Royal Letters 478
Science 557
The Impact of European Expansion 483
Toward a New Earth: Descartes,
Toward a World Economy 488 Rationalism, and a New View of
Humankind 561
The Scientific Method and the Spread
of Scientific Knowledge 562
iv
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CONTENTS v
17 20
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
AN AGE OF AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN
ENLIGHTENMENT 571 SOCIETY 678
The Enlightenment 572 The Industrial Revolution in
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Women in the Great Britain 679
Age of the Enlightenment: Rousseau The Spread of Industrialization 688
and Wollstonecraft 584 The Social Impact of the Industrial
Culture and Society in the Revolution 696
Enlightenment 587
21
Religion and the Churches 597
REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND
18
ROMANTICISM, 1815–1850 712
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: The Conservative Order
EUROPEAN STATES, (1815–1830) 713
INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND The Ideologies of Change 724
SOCIAL CHANGE 603 Revolution and Reform (1830–1850) 729
The European States 604 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Response to
Wars and Diplomacy 617 Revolution: Two Perspectives 734
Economic Expansion and The Emergence of an Ordered
Social Change 621 Society 738
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Culture in an Age of Reaction
Century 628 and Revolution: The Mood of
Romanticism 742
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE: The
Aristocratic Way of Life 632
22
19
AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND
A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE REALISM, 1850–1871 749
ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The France of Napoleon III 750
AND NAPOLEON 638 National Unification: Italy and
Germany 754
The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era:
The American Revolution 639 Nation Building and Reform: The
National State in Midcentury 763
Background to the French
Revolution 642 Industrialization and the Marxist
Response 771
The French Revolution 646
Science and Culture in an Age of
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Natural
Realism 774
Rights of the French People: Two
Views 652
The Age of Napoleon 666
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vi CONTENTS
23 26
MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY:
PROGRESS,” 1871–1894 785 EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS,
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity 786 1919–1939 905
The Emergence of a Mass Society 797 An Uncertain Peace 906
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Advice to The Democratic States 910
Women: Two Views 808 The Authoritarian and Totalitarian
The National State 815 States 916
The Expansion of Mass Culture and
24
Mass Leisure 937
AN AGE OF MODERNITY, Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the
Interwar Years 939
ANXIETY, AND IMPERIALISM,
1894–1914 823
27
Toward the Modern Consciousness:
Intellectual and Cultural THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN
Developments 824 CRISIS: WORLD WAR II 947
Politics: New Directions and Prelude to War (1933–1939) 948
New Uncertainties 836 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Munich
The New Imperialism 847 Conference: Two Views 954
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: White The Course of World War II 956
Man’s Burden Versus Black Man’s The New Order 965
Burden 850
The Home Front 974
International Rivalry and the Coming
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE: The Impact
of War 860
of Total War 980
25 Aftermath of the War 982
THE BEGINNING OF THE 28
TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN
WAR AND REVOLUTION 866 WORLD, 1945–1965 989
The Road to World War I 867
Development of the Cold War 990
The War 872
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Who Started
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE: Life in the the Cold War? American and Soviet
Trenches 878 Perspectives 992
War and Revolution 886 Europe and the World:
The Peace Settlement 897 Decolonization 998
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Three Voices Recovery and Renewal in Europe 1005
of Peacemaking 898
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CONTENTS vii
The United States and Canada: 30
A New Era 1015
Postwar Society and Culture in the AFTER THE FALL: THE WESTERN
Western World 1018 WORLD IN A GLOBAL AGE
(SINCE 1985) 1057
29
Toward a New Western Order 1058
PROTEST AND STAGNATION: After the Cold War: New World Order
THE WESTERN WORLD, or Age of Terrorism? 1074
New Directions and New Problems in
1965–1985 1030
Western Society 1079
A Culture of Protest 1031
Western Culture Today 1082
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE: Youth
The Digital Age 1085
Culture in the 1960s 1033
Toward a Global Civilization 1088
A Divided Western World 1034
The Cold War: The Move to
Détente 1042 DOCUMENTS D-1
Society and Culture in the Western INDEX I-1
World 1047
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Preface
DURING A VISIT to Great Britain, where he studied as a young man, Mohandas
Gandhi, the leader of the effort to liberate India from British colonial rule, was asked
what he thought of Western civilization. “I think it would be a good idea,” he replied.
Gandhi’s response was as correct as it was clever. Western civilization has led to great
problems as well as great accomplishments, but it remains a good idea. And any com-
plete understanding of today’s world must take into account the meaning of Western
civilization and the role Western civilization has played in history. Despite modern
progress, we still greatly reflect our religious traditions, our political systems and theo-
ries, our economic and social structures, and our cultural heritage. I have written this
history of Western civilization to assist a new generation of students in learning more
about the past that has helped create them and the world in which they live.
At the same time, for the seventh edition, as in the sixth, I have added considerable
new material on world history to show the impact other parts of the world have made
on the West. Certainly, the ongoing struggle with terrorists since 2001 has made clear
the intricate relationship between the West and the rest of the world. It is important
then to show not only how Western civilization has affected the rest of the world but
also how it has been influenced and even defined since its beginnings by contacts with
other peoples around the world.
Another of my goals was to write a well-balanced work in which the political,
economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of Western
civilization have been integrated into a chronologically ordered synthesis. I have
been especially aware of the need to integrate the latest research on social history and
women’s history into each chapter of the book rather than isolating it either in lengthy
topical chapters, which confuse the student by interrupting the chronological narra-
tive, or in separate sections that appear at periodic intervals between chapters.
Another purpose in writing this history of Western civilization has been to put
the story back in history. That story is an exciting one; yet many textbooks fail to
capture the imagination of their readers. Narrative history effectively transmits the
knowledge of the past and is the form that best aids remembrance. At the same time,
I have not overlooked the need for the kind of historical analysis that makes students
aware that historians often disagree on their interpretations of the past.
Features of the Text
To enliven the past and let readers see for themselves the materials that historians use
to create their pictures of the past, I have included in each chapter primary sources
(boxed documents) that are keyed to the discussion in the text. The documents
include examples of the religious, artistic, intellectual, social, economic, and political
aspects of Western life. These varied sources all reveal in a vivid fashion what Western
civilization meant to the individual men and women who shaped it by their activities.
I have added questions at the end of each source to help students in analyzing the
documents.
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PREFACE ix
Updated maps and illustrations serve to deepen the reader’s understand-
ing of the text. Detailed map captions are designed to enrich students’ awareness
of the importance of geography to history. Throughout the text, illustration cap-
tions have been revised and expanded to further students’ understanding of the past.
Chapter outlines at the beginning of each chapter give students a useful overview and
guide them to the main subjects of each chapter.
Organization and Content Changes
As preparation for the revision of Western Civilization, I reexamined the entire book
and analyzed the comments and reviews of many colleagues who have found the book
to be a useful instrument for introducing their students to the history of Western civi-
lization. In making revisions for the seventh edition, I sought to build on the strengths
of the first six editions and, above all, to maintain the balance, synthesis, and narrative
qualities that characterized those editions. To keep up with the ever-growing body of
historical scholarship, new or revised material has been added throughout the book
on many topics, including the Neolithic Age; the Sumerians and their social classes;
the Akkadian Empire, especially the role of Naram-Sin; the Amorites; the Babylonian
creation epic, Enuma elish; the crowns of Egypt’s kings; the end of the Old Kingdom in
Egypt (Chapter 1); the Medes (Chapter 2); the Greek way of war (Chapter 3); back-
ground on Macedonia; Philip’s military reforms in Macedonia; Alexander’s military
skills, including the siege of Tyre (Chapter 4); the organization and evolution of the
Roman army; the practice of three names in Roman society; Julius Caesar (Chapter 5);
Romanization in the provinces; trading connections between the Roman Empire and
the Han Empire of China; culture and society in the Early Empire; mystery cults in
the Roman Empire; Christian martyrs; development of the early Christian church,
including the impact of Greek thought on church teachings; the Christian Gospels
(Chapter 6); the migration of the German tribes and the fusion of Germans and
Romans (Chapter 7); fiefs (Chapter 8); the influence of Asia and the Middle East on
Western technological innovations (Chapter 9); the Battle of Hastings; Henry I; back-
ground to the Crusades and the Peasants’ Crusade of Peter the Hermit (Chapter 10);
the impact of the Black Death on art and women (Chapter 11); Hus and Wyclif and
their relationship to Luther (Chapter 12); the role of popular culture and the role of cities
in the spread of Luther’s ideas; the Ottoman Empire during the German Reformation;
the vibrancy of the Catholic Church in the English Reformation; the Elizabethan
religious settlement; the Catholic Reformation (Chapter 13); the “military revolution”;
Louis XIV’s relationship to the Parlements (Chapter 15); the relationship between
the centralization of European states, larger armies and navies, and international
rivalry; causes of population growth; the impact of overseas trade on European
cities (Chapter 18); the financial crisis in France before the Revolution; the fall of the
Bastille; fear of invasion in 1792 and the “Marseillaise”; Girondins and the Mountain
and the execution of the king; Robespierre; Napoleon’s military campaigns; the
response to Napoleon in the German states and Prussia (Chapter 19); pollution in
cities in the nineteenth century; workhouses in Britain (Chapter 20); a new table
on the expansion of the British electorate in the nineteenth century (Chapter 22);
mass education and upward mobility in the Stalinist era (Chapter 26); Germany’s
union with Austria; Czechoslovakia’s pact with France; Chamberlain; the invasion of
Poland; the invasion of western Europe; the invasion of the Soviet Union; the Battle
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