Cengage Advantage Books: The Earth and Its Peoples, Complete PDF
Preview Cengage Advantage Books: The Earth and Its Peoples, Complete
The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History FIFTH EDITION ADVANTAGE EDITION Richard W. Bulliet Columbia University Pamela Kyle Crossley Dartmouth College Daniel R. Headrick Roosevelt University Steven W. Hirsch Tufts University Lyman L. Johnson University of North Carolina–Charlotte David Northrup Boston College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global © 2011, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning History, 5e, Advantage Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used Johnson, Northrup in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, Senior Publisher: Suzanne Jeans digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted Blaine under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, Development Manager: Jeff Greene without the prior written permission of the publisher. Assistant Editor: Lauren Floyd Editorial Assistant: Emma Goehring For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Senior Marketing Manager: Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Katherine Bates For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing Coordinator: submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Lorreen Pelletier Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email protected]. Marketing Communications Manager: Christine Dobberpuhl Senior Content Project Manager: Library of Congress Control Number: 2010920331 Carol Newman ISBN-13: 978-0-495-90226-3 Senior Art Director: ISBN-10: 0-495-90226-8 Cate Rickard Barr Print Buyer: Becky Cross Wadsworth Senior Rights Acquisition Account 20 Channel Center Street Manager: Katie Huha Boston, MA 02210 Text Permissions Editor: USA Maria Maimone Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning Meyer Dare solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Photo Researcher: Carole Frohlich Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Production Service: Pre-PressPMG Locate your local offi ce at international.cengage.com/region Cover Designer: Gary Regaglia/ Metro Design Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Cover Image: Chinese painting, “Pounding the Clay” by Water- Driven Hammers, ca. 1800/The For your course and learning solutions, visit Gallery Collection/Corbis. www.cengage.com. Compositor: Pre-PressPMG Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 Brief Contents Part One The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 b.c.e. 1 1 Nature, Humanity, and History, to 3500 b.c.e. 2 2 The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500–1500 b.c.e. 21 3 New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200–250 b.c.e. 46 4 The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000–500 b.c.e. 71 Part Two The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 b.c.e.–400 c.e. 102 5 Greece and Iran, 1000–30 b.c.e. 103 6 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 b.c.e.–330 c.e. 132 7 India and Southeast Asia, 1500 b.c.e.–1025 c.e. 160 Part Three Growth and Interaction of Cultural Communities, 300 b.c.e.–1200 c.e. 186 8 Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 b.c.e.–1100 c.e. 187 9 The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200–1200 207 10 Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600–1200 229 11 Inner and East Asia, 400–1200 254 12 Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200–1500 274 Part Four Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200–1550 300 13 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200–1500 301 14 Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200–1500 328 15 The Latin West, 1200–1500 349 16 The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 369 Part Five The Globe Encompassed, 1500–1750 396 17 Transformations in Europe, 1500–1750 398 18 The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530–1770 420 19 The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550–1800 446 20 Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1750 469 21 Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800 493 Part Six Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750–1870 515 22 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–1850 517 23 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851 543 24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890 565 25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870 594 26 Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870 617 Part Seven Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850–1945 644 27 The New Power Balance, 1850–1900 645 28 The New Imperialism, 1869–1914 670 29 The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900–1929 695 30 The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929–1949 721 31 Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900–1949 747 Part Eight Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present 768 32 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945–1975 769 33 The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration, 1975–2000 795 34 New Challenges in a New Millennium 820 iii Contents Preface x Celtic Europe, 1000–50 b.c.e. 62 About the Authors xiv First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Note on Spelling and Usage xv Chavín, 1200–250 b.c.e. 66 IMPORTANT EVENTS 2200 B.C.E. TO 300 B.C.E. 70 Part One 4 THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN COMMUNITIES, TO 500 B.C.E. 1 THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST, 2000–500 B.C.E. 71 The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1 1700–1100 b.c.e. 72 NATURE, HUMANITY, AND HISTORY, The Aegean World, 2000–1100 b.c.e. 77 TO 3500 B.C.E. 2 The Assyrian Empire, 911–612 b.c.e. 81 African Genesis 2 Israel, 2000–500 b.c.e. 84 Technology and Culture in the Ice Age 7 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Protests Against the Ruling Class in Israel and Babylonia 89 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, The Iceman 12 1200–500 b.c.e. 93 The Agricultural Revolutions 13 Failure and Transformation, 750–550 b.c.e. 98 Life in Neolithic Communities 16 IMPORTANT EVENTS 2000 B.C.E. TO IMPORTANT EVENTS TO 3500 B.C.E. 20 500 B.C.E. 99 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Animal 2 Domestication 100 THE FIRST RIVER-VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS, 3500–1500 B.C.E. 21 Part Two Mesopotamia 22 THE FORMATION OF NEW DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Violence CULTURAL COMMUNITIES, and Order in the Babylonian New Year’s 1000 B.C.E.–400 C.E. 102 Festival 28 Egypt 33 The Indus Valley Civilization 42 5 IMPORTANT EVENTS 3500 B.C.E. TO GREECE AND IRAN, 1500 B.C.E. 45 1000–30 B.C.E. 103 Ancient Iran, 1000–500 b.c.e. 104 3 The Rise of the Greeks, 1000–500 b.c.e. 110 NEW CIVILIZATIONS IN THE EASTERN The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546–323 b.c.e. 120 AND WESTERN HEMISPHERES, The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323–30 b.c.e. 126 2200–250 B.C.E. 46 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Ancient Early China, 2000–221 b.c.e. 47 Astronomy 127 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: IMPORTANT EVENTS 1000 B.C.E. TO Divination in Ancient Societies 50 30 B.C.E. 131 Nubia, 3100 b.c.e.–350 c.e. 58 iv CONTENTS v 6 9 AN AGE OF EMPIRES: ROME AND HAN THE SASANID EMPIRE AND THE RISE OF CHINA, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. 132 ISLAM, 200–1200 207 Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, The Sasanid Empire, 224–651 208 753 b.c.e.–330 c.e. 133 The Origins of Islam 210 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: The Treatment of The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258 214 Slaves in Rome and China 140 Islamic Civilization 222 The Origins of Imperial China, ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Chemistry 225 221 b.c.e.–220 c.e. 149 IMPORTANT EVENTS 200–1200 228 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1000 B.C.E. TO 220 C.E. 159 10 7 CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, IN EUROPE, 600–1200 229 1500 B.C.E.–1025 C.E. 160 The Byzantine Empire, 600–1200 230 Foundations of Indian Civilization, Early Medieval Europe, 600–1000 233 1500 b.c.e.–300 c.e. 161 The Western Church 238 Imperial Expansion and Collapse, DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: The Struggle for 324 b.c.e.–650 c.e. 170 Christian Morality 239 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Indian Kievan Russia, 900–1200 245 Mathematics 174 Western Europe Revives, 1000–1200 247 Southeast Asia, 50–1025 c.e. 178 The Crusades, 1095–1204 250 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500 B.C.E. TO IMPORTANT EVENTS 300–1200 253 1025 C.E. 182 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Oral Societies and the Consequences of Literacy 183 11 INNER AND EAST ASIA, 400–1200 254 Part Three The Sui and Tang Empires, 581–755 255 The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200 261 GROWTH AND INTERACTION OF New Kingdoms in East Asia 267 CULTURAL COMMUNITIES, ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Writing in East 300 B.C.E.–1200 C.E. 186 Asia, 400–1200 268 IMPORTANT EVENTS 200–1200 273 8 12 NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS OF THE EXCHANGE, 300 B.C.E.–1100 C.E. 187 AMERICAS, 200–1500 274 The Silk Road 188 Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, The Indian Ocean Maritime System 192 200–900 275 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Travel Accounts of The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, Africa and India 193 900–1500 280 Routes Across the Sahara 197 Northern Peoples 285 Sub-Saharan Africa 200 Andean Civilizations, 200–1500 288 The Spread of Ideas 203 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Burials as Historical IMPORTANT EVENTS 300 B.C.E. TO Texts 292 1100 C.E. 206 vi CONTENTS IMPORTANT EVENTS 200–1500 297 16 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Religious Conversion 298 THE MARITIME REVOLUTION, TO 1550 369 Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 370 Part Four European Expansion, 1400–1550 374 INTERREGIONAL PATTERNS Encounters with Europe, 1450–1550 381 OF CULTURE AND CONTACT, DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Kongo’s Christian King 384 1200–1550 300 IMPORTANT EVENTS TO 1500 392 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Climate and 13 Population to 1500 394 MONGOL EURASIA AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1200–1500 301 Part Five The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260 302 THE GLOBE ENCOMPASSED, The Mongols and Islam, 1260–1500 306 1500–1750 396 Regional Responses in Western Eurasia 310 Mongol Domination in China, 1271–1368 314 17 The Early Ming Empire, 1368–1500 317 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: From Gunpowder TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE, to Guns 321 1500–1750 398 Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, Culture and Ideas 399 1200–1500 322 Social and Economic Life 406 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1200–1500 327 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Mapping the World 409 14 Political Innovations 412 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1750 419 TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA, 1200–1500 328 18 Tropical Lands and Peoples 328 New Islamic Empires 332 THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Personal Styles of Rule SOCIETIES, 1530–1770 420 in India and Mali 336 The Columbian Exchange 421 Indian Ocean Trade 340 Spanish America and Brazil 423 Social and Cultural Change 345 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Race and Ethnicity in IMPORTANT EVENTS 1200–1500 348 the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy 430 English and French Colonies in North America 434 Colonial Expansion and Conflict 442 15 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1770 445 THE LATIN WEST, 1200–1500 349 Rural Growth and Crisis 349 19 Urban Revival 354 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Clock 358 THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM AND AFRICA, Learning, Literature, and the Renaissance 359 1550–1800 446 Political and Military Transformations 364 Plantations in the West Indies 447 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1200–1500 368 Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century 449 CONTENTS vii ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Amerindian Foods 23 in Africa 452 Creating the Atlantic Economy 456 THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1760–1851 543 Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam 462 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1800 468 Causes of the Industrial Revolution 544 The Technological Revolution 547 The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution 554 20 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Gas Lighting 557 SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN New Economic and Political Ideas 560 OCEAN, 1500–1750 469 The Limits of Industrialization Outside the West 562 The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 470 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1750–1854 563 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule 475 24 The Safavid Empire, 1502–1722 480 The Mughal Empire, 1526–1761 484 NATION BUILDING AND ECONOMIC The Maritime Worlds of Islam, 1500–1750 486 TRANSFORMATION IN THE AMERICAS, IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1750 491 1800–1890 565 Independence in Latin America, 1800–1830 566 The Problem of Order, 1825–1890 571 21 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: The Afro-Brazilian NORTHERN EURASIA, 1500–1800 493 Experience, 1828 573 Japanese Reunification 494 The Challenge of Social and Economic Change 583 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: East Asian Porcelain 496 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1800–1890 592 The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires 499 The Russian Empire 507 25 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1800 512 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: The Little Ice Age 513 LAND EMPIRES IN THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, 1800–1870 594 The Ottoman Empire 595 Part Six ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Web of REVOLUTIONS RESHAPE THE War 603 WORLD, 1750–1870 515 The Russian Empire 605 The Qing Empire 608 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1800–1908 616 22 26 REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750–1850 517 AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE NEW BRITISH Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century EMPIRE, 1750–1870 617 Crisis 518 Changes and Exchanges in Africa 617 The American Revolution, 1775–1800 523 India Under British Rule 624 The French Revolution, 1789–1815 527 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Ceremonials of Imperial DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Robespierre and Domination 629 Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Britain’s Eastern Empire 634 Terror 534 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1750–1889 639 Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789–1850 538 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity 641 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1750–1850 542 viii CONTENTS Part Seven ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Birth of Civil Aviation 718 GLOBAL DIVERSITY AND IMPORTANT EVENTS 1900–1929 720 DOMINANCE, 1850–1945 644 30 27 THE COLLAPSE OF THE OLD ORDER, THE NEW POWER BALANCE, 1929–1949 721 1850–1900 645 The Stalin Revolution 722 New Technologies and the World Economy 645 The Depression 724 Social Changes 650 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Women, Family Values, ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Railroads and and the Russian Revolution 726 Immigration 652 The Rise of Fascism 729 Socialism and Labor Movements 655 East Asia, 1931–1945 732 Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, The Second World War 735 and Japan 656 The Character of Warfare 741 The Great Powers of Europe, 1871–1900 664 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1920S TO 1949 745 China, Japan, and the Western Powers 666 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1850–1910 668 31 28 STRIVING FOR INDEPENDENCE: INDIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA, THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 1900–1949 747 1869–1914 670 The Indian Independence Movement, The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods 671 1905–1947 747 The Scramble for Africa 676 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Gandhi and DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Two Africans Recall the Technology 751 Arrival of the Europeans 682 Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900–1945 753 Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 685 Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900–1949 756 Imperialism in Latin America 688 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1900–1949 764 The World Economy and the Global ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Famines and Politics 765 Environment 690 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1869–1914 693 Part Eight 29 PERILS AND PROMISES OF A GLOBAL COMMUNITY, 1945 TO THE CRISIS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER, THE PRESENT 768 1900–1929 695 Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East 695 32 The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914–1918 697 THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION, Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919–1929 703 1945–1975 769 China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies 708 The Cold War 770 The New Middle East 710 Decolonization and Nation Building 778 Society, Culture, and Technology in the DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Race and the Struggle Industrialized World 714 for Justice in South Africa 784 CONTENTS ix Beyond a Bipolar World 787 34 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1945–1979 794 NEW CHALLENGES IN A NEW MILLENNIUM 820 33 Globalization and Economic Crisis 821 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE The Question of Values 829 CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Conflict and Civilization 832 AND IMMIGRATION, 1975–2000 795 Global Culture 837 Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion 796 IMPORTANT EVENTS 2000–2006 843 The End of the Bipolar World 803 The Challenge of Population Growth 807 INDEX I-1 Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples 812 Technological and Environmental Change 814 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Computer Gets Personal 815 IMPORTANT EVENTS TO 1970–2000 818
The list of books you might like
