Cement-Based Composites: Materials, Mechanical Properties and Performance, Second Edition PDF
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Cement-Based Composites Second Edition Materials, mechanical properties and performance Cement-Based Composites Second Edition Materials, mechanical properties and performance Andrzej M. Brandt First published 1995 by E & FN Spon This edition published 2009 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1995 E & FN Spon © 2009 Andrzej M. Brandt All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability. Despite stringent efforts by all concerned in the publishing process, some typographical or editorial errors may occur, and readers are encouraged to bring these to our attention where they represent errors of substance. The publisher and author disclaim any liability, in whole or in part, arising from information contained in this publication. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional prior to taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brandt, Andrzej Marek. Cement-based composites: materials, mechanical properties, and performance/Andrzej M. Brandt. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Cement composites. 2. Cement composites—Mechanical properties. 3. Reinforced concrete. I. Title. TA438.B73 2008 620.1’35—dc22 2008022424 ISBN 0-203-88903-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-40909-8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-88903-7 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40909-4 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-88903-9 (ebk) Contents Preface to the fi rst edition vii Preface to the second edition ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Composites and multiphase materials 5 3 Concrete-like composites: main kinds 39 4 Components of matrices of cement-based composites 67 5 Reinforcement of cement-based composites 110 6 Structure of cement composites 137 7 Interfaces in cement composites 184 8 Strength and deformability under short-term static load 207 9 Cracking in cement matrices and crack propagation 252 10 Fracture and failure in the structures of the material 277 11 Behaviour of cement matrix composites in various service conditions 346 12 Design and optimization of cement-based composites 426 13 High strength and high performance concretes 459 14 Application and development of cement-based composites 496 Subject Index 518 Preface to the fi rst edition The book is the result of the author’s studies and research over the last few years. In that time not only has research activity created a basis of some general and specifi c opinions, but also it was possible to gather the views and comments of many outstanding scientists and professional engineers encoun- tered on different occasions, including internal seminars at the Institute in Warsaw, national and international workshops and conferences, and on visits to universities in several countries. It is impossible to mention here all those who on many of these occasions and in various ways agreed to share with the author their research results, comments, doubts and opinions. Without all the friendly contacts with numerous outstanding personalities the book could never have appeared and very kind thoughts are addressed to them. Given the rapid development of the science in the last few decades, a book covering in a limited volume a relatively large scope of knowledge cannot attempt to encapsulate all the concepts or develop them in a homogeneous way and with equal competence. Unavoidably, advanced readers will fi nd omissions, errors and imprecision. Some chapters are written in more detail than others. With certain problems the author had less personal experience than in others. All these weaknesses of the book are due to the author’s subjective viewpoint. All fruits of human activity are imperfect and that is the case with this book. It is the author’s hope that the most dissatisfi ed readers will decide to write something better in the near future. It is the author’s pleasure to present thanks and acknowledgements to several individuals who agreed to help him in the preparation of the book. Thanks are given to my closest co-workers in the Department of Strain Fields of the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research (IFTR), Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, namely to Professor J. Kasperkiewicz, Dr A. Burakiewicz, Dr M. A. Glinicki, Dr M. Marks and Dr J. Potrzebowski. Without their cooperation in all tests and studies and their helpful discussions it would have been impossible to prepare the book. Thanks are due to Mr M. Sobczak, who prepared majority of drawings and participated in some testing. Among other members of the staff of IFTR special thanks are given to Professor W. Marks who agreed to participate in research which completed Chapter 13. Results mentioned in Sections 10.4 and 10.5 were viii Preface to the first edition based on experiments carried out with competence and courage by Professor G. Prokopski at the Cze˛stochowa Technical University. Particularly warm thanks are due to Professor L. Kucharska from the Wrocław Technical University who kindly agreed to read most of the chapters and who made many useful comments and criticisms. Partial fi nancial support in completing Chapter 13 was provided by the National Committee for Research in Poland (Grant No. 700409101) which is gratefully acknowledged. The book was written while the author was a staff member of the IFTR, Centre of Mechanics, and all support from colleagues and administration is kindly acknowledged. The kind cooperation and patience exhibited by the staff of Chapman & Hall in London and particularly by Ms Susan Hodgson and Mr Nick Clarke is acknowledged with pleasure. Warsaw, November 1993 Preface to the second edition The last 10 to 20 years have been very fruitful in the development of cement- based composites from various viewpoints: the extension of applications in outstanding civil engineering structures, the increase of mass production of buildings and ordinary structures, many new materials and technologies appearing on the market, and also considerable development of new methods of testing, computation and modelling. That is why the manuals and textbooks in this fi eld have a relatively short life: they become obsolete quickly, and new ones are needed by the same groups of readers. There is a growing importance attached to having relevant information on various aspects of these materials, presented comprehensively and covering other related fi elds. The principal aim of this book is to provide an overview of the present state of knowledge and technology in this quickly developing area of cement-based materials. These materials play an increasing role in our world where a growing population and its rightful expectations of building and civil engineering facilities create new challenges to all involved in this fi eld. The needs in various countries and regions of the world are different because of the level of development, climatic conditions, traditions and so on, but the raw materials for concrete-like composites are similar and basic laws of physics, chemistry and economics are the same. That is why the knowledge and technology of materials are created and exploited at the world level and there is rational understanding of their importance. We should be aware of how a large portion of national and regional resources are devoted to con- structing and maintaining all buildings and civil engineering infrastructure, and how much may be gained or lost through more or less appropriate design and execution of all these facilities: buildings, roads, bridges, airports, dams, harbours, and the like. The quality and longevity of infrastructure are directly related to the sustainable development that is vital for all countries. And most of the infrastructure is made with concrete. The book is aimed at students of building faculties, at professional engi- neers and at researchers who want to be familiar with the modern approach to the mechanics of cement-based composites. The information presented here should also help to deal with new materials that will appear on the x Preface to the second edition market or that will have some application in coming years. Without any doubt, it is not possible to include all theoretical and applied information on such a vast subject in one modest book. The author may only expect that for all interested readers the book will provide the basis by which they may begin to solve their own particular problems by further reading and developing their own research and experience. In preparing this second edition the author has tried to create a volume similar to the fi rst one. However, there has been great progress in the number and value of new products and technologies, testing methods and test results, many of them interesting and worth studying. Therefore, it has been neces- sary to carry out a severe but subjective selection process. This is well visible in the lists of references, which have been limited and so do not contain many valuable papers and books. Their authors are asked to forgive these omissions – many of the omitted works have been carefully studied and have helped signifi cantly to create an overall picture of the present situation in the vast fi eld of cement-based composites. As for the fi rst edition, the author is grateful to all mentioned previously, and particularly to Professor Michał A. Glinicki and Dr Daria Józ´wiak- Niedz´wiedzka for useful discussions on a few selected items. The support from all colleagues at the Section of Strain Fields and administration of the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw, is kindly acknowledged. The kind cooperation and patience exhibited by the staff of Taylor & Francis in Milton Park, Abingdon, UK, and particularly by Mr Simon Bates, is acknowledged with pleasure. Thanks are addressed to Ms Camille Lowe from Pindar NZ for her friendly and effi cient coordination of all works during the fi nal stage of preparation of the book.The author is thankful to T & F for their suggestions related to the second edition of my book. Warsaw, April 2008
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