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(cid:2) CellularV2XforConnectedAutomatedDriving (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving Edited by Mikael Fallgren Ericsson EricssonResearch Stockholm,Sweden (cid:2) (cid:2) Markus Dillinger HuaweiTechnologies HuaweiGermanResearchCenter Munich,Germany Toktam Mahmoodi King’sCollegeLondon DepartmentofEngineering London,UK Tommy Svensson ChalmersUniversityofTechnology DepartmentofElectricalEngineering Gothenburg,Sweden (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2021 ©2021JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailable athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Fallgren,Mikael,editor.|Dillinger,Markus,editor.|Mahmoodi, Toktam,editor.|Svensson,Tommy,editor. Title:CellularV2Xforconnectedautomateddriving/[editedby]Mikael Fallgren,MarkusDillinger,ToktamMahmoodi,TommySvensson. Description:Hoboken,NJ,USA:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2021]|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2020020433(print)|LCCN2020020434(ebook)|ISBN 9781119692645(hardback)|ISBN9781119692638(adobepdf)|ISBN 9781119692652(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Vehicularadhocnetworks(Computernetworks) Classification:LCCTE228.37.C452021(print)|LCCTE228.37(ebook)| DDC388.3/1240285–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020020433 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020020434 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImages:©kalawinjongpo/GettyImages,©lushik/GettyImages,©FingerMedium/GettyImages, ©darekm101/GettyImages,©olaser/GettyImages,©oonal/GettyImages,©Scharfsinn/Shutterstock Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents ListofContributors xiii Forewords xvii Preface xxv ListofAbbreviations xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 BackgroundandMotivationforC-V2X 2 1.1.1 IntelligentTransportSystems 2 1.1.2 ConnectedAutomatedDriving 3 (cid:2) 1.1.3 ConnectedRoadUserServices 4 (cid:2) 1.2 TowardaJointTelecomandAutomotiveRoadmapforCAD 4 1.2.1 Telecom’sAmbitionsforConnectedDriving 4 1.2.2 Automotive’sAmbitionsforAutomatedDriving 6 1.2.3 JointRoadmapforCAD 7 1.3 CommunicationTechnologiesforCAD 8 1.3.1 StandardizationofIEEEV2X 10 1.3.2 StandardizationandRegulationAspectsofC-V2X 12 1.3.2.1 AvailableC-V2XReleasesandRegulations 12 1.3.2.2 FutureRequirementsforC-V2XReleasesandRegulations 13 1.4 StructureofthisBook 14 References 18 2 BusinessModels 21 2.1 CurrentMarketAnalysis 22 2.2 ServicesDefinitionforCADandCRU 23 2.2.1 ExistingCADandCRUServices 24 2.2.1.1 EmergencyCall 24 2.2.1.2 RemoteDiagnostics 24 2.2.1.3 CarSharing 25 2.2.1.4 OTASoftwareUpdates 25 2.2.1.5 PredictiveMaintenance 25 2.2.1.6 Real-TimeRoadTrafficManagementandVehicleGuidance 25 2.2.2 EmergingCADServices 25 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 2.2.2.1 PerceptionbyWirelessConnectivityandSensorSharing 26 2.2.2.2 High-DefinitionMaps 26 2.2.3 EmergingCRUServices 26 2.2.3.1 VideoStreamingandGaming 26 2.2.3.2 ParkingReservationsandPayment 26 2.3 TechnicalComponents 27 2.4 Practicalities 28 2.4.1 ProfileandSIMCardProvisioning 28 2.4.2 RoutingStrategy 28 2.4.3 RoamingandInter-operatorCooperation 29 2.4.4 PossibleBusinessModelEvolution 29 2.4.4.1 OTASoftwareUpdates 30 2.4.4.2 CADServicesandRelatedAutomationLevels 31 2.5 BusinessMarketOpportunitiesforV2X 34 2.5.1 CADBusinessModelEnabledby5G 34 2.5.1.1 PassiveInfrastructureSharing 37 2.5.1.2 ActiveInfrastructureSharing,ExcludingSpectrumSharing 37 2.5.1.3 ActiveInfrastructureSharing,IncludingSpectrumSharing 37 2.5.2 SecurityProvision 38 2.5.2.1 ThePKIWorkflow 38 2.5.2.2 EnrollmentofanITSStation 39 (cid:2) 2.5.2.3 UseofAuthorizationsTokens 40 (cid:2) 2.5.2.4 TheCostHypothesis 40 2.5.3 OTASoftwareUpdates 41 2.6 BusinessModelAnalysisof5GV2XTechnicalComponents 44 2.6.1 Positioning 45 2.6.2 V2XRadioDesign 46 2.6.2.1 PredictorAntenna 46 2.6.2.2 Beam-Forming 46 2.6.2.3 Efficiency 49 2.6.2.4 Reliability 49 2.6.2.5 SidelinkOutofCoverage 49 2.6.2.6 SidelinkinCoverage 49 2.6.3 NetworkProcedures 49 2.6.3.1 LocalStandaloneNetworkProcedures 51 2.6.3.2 NetworkServiceRelationshipEnhancement 51 2.6.3.3 Multi-OperatorSolutionsforV2XCommunications 53 2.6.3.4 NetworkOrchestrationandManagement 53 2.6.4 End-to-EndSecurity 54 2.6.5 EdgeComputingEnhancements 55 2.6.6 Summary 58 2.7 Conclusions 58 References 60 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 3 StandardizationandRegulation 63 3.1 StandardizationProcessOverview 64 3.1.1 GeneralAspects 64 3.1.2 StandardizationandRegulationBodiesRelevanttoITSSpecifications 64 3.1.2.1 InternationalTelecommunicationUnion 65 3.1.2.2 RegionalStandardsDevelopingOrganizations 66 3.1.2.3 3GPP,IEEE,andSAE 67 3.1.2.4 5GPPPandEATA 67 3.1.2.5 5GAA 68 3.1.3 3GPPStructureandStandardizationProcess 69 3.2 RegulatoryAspectsandSpectrumAllocation 70 3.2.1 C-V2XPolicyandRegulationsinEurope 71 3.2.2 RadioFrequencySpectrumAllocationforV2XCommunications 71 3.2.2.1 SpectrumAllocationforIMTSystemsand3GPPTechnologies 71 3.2.2.2 DedicatedSpectrumforITSApplications 72 3.2.2.3 WorldwideSpectrumHarmonization 73 3.3 StandardizationofV2XCommunicationTechnologySolutions 73 3.3.1 ABriefHistoryofV2XCommunication 74 3.3.2 OverviewofDSRC/C-V2XSpecificationsAroundtheGlobe 75 3.3.2.1 Europe 75 3.3.2.2 TheAmericas 76 (cid:2) 3.3.2.3 Asia 77 (cid:2) 3.3.3 C-V2XStandardizationin3GPP:TowardandWithin5G 79 3.3.3.1 C-V2Xin4G 80 3.3.3.2 C-V2XSupportedby5G 82 3.3.3.3 FuturePlans 83 3.4 ApplicationAspects 84 3.4.1 EUStandardization 86 3.4.2 USStandardization 87 3.5 Summary 87 References 88 4 SpectrumandChannelModeling 91 4.1 SpectrumandRegulationsforV2XCommunications 91 4.1.1 SpectrumBandsinEurope 92 4.1.1.1 ITSSpectrumat5.9GHz 92 4.1.1.2 5.8GHzFrequencyforTollCollection 93 4.1.1.3 60GHzITSBand 93 4.1.1.4 IMTBandsinEurope 93 4.1.2 SpectrumBandsinOtherRegions 94 4.1.2.1 UnitedStates 94 4.1.2.2 China 95 4.1.2.3 OtherRegionsoftheWorld 96 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 4.1.3 SpectrumAuctionsWorldwide 96 4.1.3.1 Europe 96 4.1.3.2 UnitedStates 104 4.1.3.3 Asia 105 4.1.3.4 SummaryofAuctionsandCostComparisonWorldwide 108 4.1.4 SpectrumHarmonizationWorldwide 111 4.1.4.1 EuropeandDigitalSingleMarket 111 4.1.4.2 WorldRadiocommunicationConference2019 111 4.1.5 Summary 112 4.2 ChannelModeling 113 4.2.1 PropagationEnvironments 114 4.2.1.1 LinkTypes 114 4.2.1.2 Environments 114 4.2.2 Channel-ModelingFrameworkandGapAnalysis 116 4.2.3 Path-LossModels 116 4.2.3.1 Path-LossforV2VLOSLinks 116 4.2.3.2 Shadow-FadingModels 121 4.2.3.3 Fast-FadingParameters 122 4.2.3.4 Summary 123 4.2.4 RecentV2XChannelMeasurementsandModels 124 4.2.4.1 V2VMeasurementsincmWaveandmmWave 124 (cid:2) 4.2.4.2 mmWaveV2V(Sidelink)ChannelModeling 124 (cid:2) 4.2.4.3 Multi-LinkShadowingExtensions 132 4.2.5 Summary 134 References 135 5 V2XRadioInterface 137 5.1 BeamformingTechniquesforV2XCommunicationinthemm-Wave Spectrum 138 5.1.1 BeamRefinementforMobileMulti-UserScenarios 139 5.1.1.1 AlgorithmDescription 140 5.1.1.2 IllustrativePerformanceResults 140 5.1.2 BeamformedMulticasting 143 5.1.3 Beam-BasedBroadcasting 147 5.2 PHYandMACLayerExtensions 152 5.2.1 ChannelStateInformationAcquisitionandMU-MIMOReceiverDesign 152 5.2.1.1 TheImportanceandChallengesofChannelStateInformationAcquisitionin MU-MIMOSystems 152 5.2.1.2 InterplayBetweenCSIRAcquisitionandMU-MIMOReceiverDesign 153 5.2.1.3 NovelApproachestoNear-OptimalMU-MIMOLinearReceiverDesignandthe ImpactofCSIRErrors 156 5.2.1.4 PerformanceModelingandNumericalResultsinMulti-AntennaCellular VehicleScenarios 157 5.2.2 ReferenceSignalDesign 159 5.2.2.1 ChallengestoCSIAcquisitioninV2VSidelinkCommunication 159 (cid:2)