Cellular Cancer Markers

490 Pages·1995·9.763 MB·English

by  Stewart Sell, Carleton T. Garrett (auth.), Carleton T. Garrett MD, PhD, Stewart Sell MD (eds.)

Cellular Cancer Markers
Contemporary Biomedicine
Cellular Cancer Markers
Edited by Carleton T. Garrett and Stewart Sell, 1995
Serological Cancer Markers
Edited by Stewart Sell, 1992
The Red Cell Membrane
Edited by B. U. Raess and Godfrey Tunnicliff, 1990
Handbook of the Hemopoietic Microenvironment
Edited by Mehdi Tavassoli, 1989
Leukolysins and Cancer
Edited by Janet H. Ransom and John R. Ortaldo, 1988
Methods of Hybridoma Formation
Edited by Arie H. Bartal and Yashar Hirshaut, 1987
Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer
Edited by Stewart Sell and Ralph A. Reisfeld, 1985
Calcium and Contractility: Smooth Muscle
Edited by A. K. Grover and E. E. Daniel, 1984
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis Testing
Edited by J. F. Douglas, 1984
The Human Teratomas: Experimental and Clinical Biology
Edited by Ivan Damjanov, Barbara B. Knowles,
and Davor Solter, 1983
Human Cancer Markers
Edited by Stewart Sell and Britta Wahren, 1982
Cancer Markers: Diagnostic and Developmental Significance
Edited by Stewart Sell, 1980
Cellular
Cancer Markers
Edited by
Carleton T. Garrett,
MD, PhD
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA
and
Stewart Sell,
MD
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 1995
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1995
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
CelIular cancer markers / edited by Carleton T. Garrett and Stewart SelI.
p. cm. - (Contemporary biomedicine)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61737-000-7 ISBN 978-1-4757-2381-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-14757-2381-6
1. Tumor markers. 2. Cancer celIs. 1. Garrett, Carleton T.
II. SelI, Stewart, 1935- . III. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Tumor Markers, Biological-genetics. 2. Neoplasms
genetics. QZ 241 C393 1995]
RC270.3.T84C45 1995
616.99'4042-<1c20
DNLMlDLC
for Library of Congress 95-1286
CIP
Preface
The term "tumor markers" has traditionally referred to those
soluble antigens, hormones, or enzymes that appear in body fluids as
a result of an associated clinical cancer. These important compounds
have been the subject of a continuing series on 'cancer markers pub
lished by Humana Press, the most recent of which was Serological
Cancer Markers (S. Sell, ed., Humana Press, 1992). The commercial
interest in serum markers for cancer, particularly for the diagnosis
and monitoring of tumor patients, has developed into a multimillion
dollar business. However, limitations in sensitivity and specificity of
the current class of soluble tumor markers restricts their clinical
effectiveness, particularly for cancer screening and detection of mini
mal residual disease. The exception to the rule is prostate-specific
antigen, which is proving to be a valuable marker for the diagnosis of
prostate cancer.
The present volume, Cellular Cancer Markers, considers a new
class of compounds. This class of tumor markers consists of cell
associated proteins and nucleic acids, both of which characteristi
cally are not released into serum or other body fluids in any appreciable
quantity. Differentiation-specific cell-surface antigens are one example
of cellular cancer markers that have been extensively used in the clas
sification of lymphomas and leukemias. Other cell-associated pro
teins have been helpful in the identification and classification of many
solid tumors, including melanomas.
Though cell-associated proteins have proved to be useful in clini
cal cancer testing, the new and rapid growth in our understanding of
the genetic changes associated with neoplastic transformation and
progression has provided unique opportunities in the area of tumor
diagnosis and prognosis. A clonal somatic mutation that occurs in the
v
vi Preface
cells of a tumor can potentially provide the most specific marker for
these cells, insofar as the change is theoretically present only in the
DNA of the tumor cells and not in any of the DNA of a patient's normal
cells. The development of the polymerase chain reaction (peR) greatly
simplified the process of detecting these genetic changes and has pro
vided a realistic possibility for translating these highly specific markers
of neoplasia into sensitive and specific diagnostic clinical assays.
Moreover, an additional benefit of these genetic markers is that they
are directly responsible for tumor cell behavior and thus can poten
tially provide a direct measure of tumor prognosis.
The application of genetic cancer markers to diagnosis and
prognosis of clinical neoplasia is still in its early stages. Neverthe
less, important insights and applications are already beginning to be
recognized-a major reason for presenting this volume at this time.
The chapters within Cellular Cancer Markers examine some of the
best-studied examples of these new genetic markers. The chapters
include information on the role(s) of these markers in the mechanism
of malignant transformation as well as their effect on clinical out
come, so far as we currently understand the latter. Molecular technol
ogy is, however, also improving currently existing markers, for
example, through genetic engineering of monoclonal antibodies.
Molecular approaches are also identifying new modes of therapy to
assist in the war against cancer through the identification of drug
resistant genes and the use of antisense oligonucleotides. Finally, as
noted in the last chapter, the growth in the number of new tumor
markers raises questions concerning their cost-effective application
and represents a major challenge to the medical community.
Cellular Cancer Markers represents an approach to resolving
problems in cancer diagnosis and therapy that defy all current strate
gies. It is hoped that the reader will gain some appreciation of what
has been accomplished to date, as well as the many challenges that
lie ahead in the application of these new tumor markers to clinical
disease in the future.
Carleton T. Garrett
Stewart Sell
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................ v
List of Contributors .......................................................................... ix
Ch. 1. Clinical Application of Genetic, Oncogenic,
and Differentiation Markers of Cancer,
Stewart Sell and Carleton T. Garrett ........................... 1
CH. 2. ras Proto-Oncogene Activation in Human Malignancy,
Geoffrey J. Clark and Channing J. Der .................... 17
CH. 3. C-myc as a Tumor Marker for Primary Human Cancers,
Taro Shuin ................................................................... 53
CH. 4. p53 in Human Cancer,
Jeffrey R. Marks, Andrew M. Davidoff,
and J. Dirk Iglehart, ........................................... 77
CH. 5. Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes
in Gynecological Malignancies,
Hironobu Sasano, Kiyoshi Ito,
and Carleton T. Garrett .................................... 111
CH. 6. Genetic Alterations in Colon Cancer,
Suhail Nasim and Carleton T. Garrett .................... 139
CH. 7. Genetic Changes in Breast Cancer,
Daniel S. Liscia, Tiziana Venesio,
Amelia Bernardi, Alberto P. M. Cappa,
and Robert Callahan ......................................... 191
CH. 8. Genetic Alterations in Lung Cancer,
Stephen J. Lemon, Anita L. Sabichi,
and Michael J. Birrer ........................................ 209
CH. 9. Wilms Tumor-Susceptibility Loci,
Hull ..................................................................
Vicki 231
vii
viii Contents
CH.10. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas,
H.-J. Schuurman, S. C. Henzen-Logmans,
and Ph. M. Kluin ............................................... 257
CH. 11. Phenotypic Expression of Hodgkin's Disease:
Biologic, Immunologic, and Functional
Properties of Reed-Sternberg Cells,
Su-Ming Hsu and Pei-Ling Hsu .............................. 289
CH. 12. Melanoma Markers,
Paul B. Googe and Martin C. Mihm, Jr. ................ 335
CH. 13. Detection of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
in Leukemia and Lymphoma,
Jonathan M. Ben-Ezra ............................................. 351
CH. 14. P-Glycoproteins in Tumors,
William T. Bellamy, Thomas M. Grogan,
and Ronald S. Weinstein ................................... 375
CH. 15. Genetically Engineered Antitumor Monoclonal
Antibodies,
S. V. S. Kashmiri and Patricia Horan Hand ........... 393
CH. 16. Targeting Antisense Oligonucleotide Chemotherapy
to the Type I Regulatory Subunit of cAMP
Dependent Protein Kinase,
Yoon Sang Cho-Chung ............................................. 433
CH. 17. Summary and Perspective: Assessing Test
Effectiveness-The Identification of Good
Tumor Markers,
Carleton T. Garrett and Stewart Sell ....................... 455
Index ............................................................................................... 479
Contributors
WILLIAM T. BELLAMY • Department of Pathology, College of
Medicine and Arizona Cancer Center, University ofA rizona, Tucson, AZ
JONATHAN M. BEN-EZRA • Department of Pathology, Virginia
Commonwealth UniversitylMedical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA
AMELIA BERNARDI • Anatomic Pathology Section, S. Giovan
Hospital, Torino, Italy
MICHAEL J. BIRRER· Biomarkers and Prevention Research
Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National
Cancer Institute, Key West Research Center, Rockville, MD;
and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,
Bethesda, MD
ROBERT CALLAHAN • Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and
Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD
ALBERTO P. M. CAPPA· Anatomic Pathology Section, S. Giovan
Hospital, Torino, Italy
Y OON SANG CHO-CHUNG • Cellular Biochemistry Section,
Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer
Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
GEOFFREY J. CLARK • Department of Pharmacology, School
of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
Curriculum in Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, NC
ANDREW M. DAVIDOFF • Department of Surgery, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC
CHANNING J. DER· Department of Pharmacology, School
of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,
and Curriculum in Genetics, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, NC
ix
x Contributors
CARLETON T. GARRETT· Department of Pathology, Medical
College of Virginia, Richmond, VA
PAUL B. GOOGE· Graduate School of Medical Education,
University of Tennessee Medical Center at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
THOMAS M. GROGAN· Department of Pathology, College
ofM edicine and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona,
Tucson,AZ
PATRICIA HORAN HAND· Laboratory of Tumor Immunology
and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, MD
S. C. HENZEN-LoGMANS· Department of Pathology, Dr. Daniel
den Hoed Kliniek, Rotterdam
PEl-LING Hsu • Department of Pathology, University
of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
Su-MING Hsu • Department of Pathology, University
of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
VICKI HUFF • Department of Biochemisty and Molecular
Biology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center,
Houston, TX
J. DIRK IGLEHART • Department of Surgery, Duke University
Medical Center, Durham, NC
KIYOSHI ITo· Department of Pathology, George Washington
University Medical Center, Washington, DC; and Department
of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
S. V. S. KASHMIRI· Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and
Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD
PH. M. KLUIN • Department of Pathology, University Medical
Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
STEPHEN J. LEMON· Biomarkers and Prevention Research
Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National
Cancer Institute, Key West Research Center, Rockville, MD
DANIEL S. LISCIA • Anatomic Pathology Section, S. Giovan
Hospital, Torino, Italy; and Laboratory of Tumor Immunology
and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD