Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens PDF
Preview Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens
E DITIO N CELL WALL DEFICIENT FORMS Stealth Pathogens TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk 3rd E DITIO N CELL WALL DEFICIENT FORMS Stealth Pathogens Lida H. Mattman CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140501 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-7521-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface Pleomorphic forms are the first growth in culture, and usually predominate as the pathogen flourishes in vivo. They were observed in clinical specimens in the laboratories of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch and recognized as pathogenic. So why have they been ignored for many decades? In classrooms, two errors have been perpetuated: (1) students are taught to fix smears with heat [due to their high lipid content, cell wall deficient (CWD) forms melt into globs when heated], and (2) only the Gram stain is on the desks of microbiology students. The Gram stain should always be accompanied by Acridine Orange, which shows that otherwise unidentified material contains nucleic acids and, therefore, is cellular. Pleomorphism is an unfortunate phenomenon from the diagnostic point of view. Bacteria and fungi have lost their name tags. However, the greater efficiency in solving diagnostic mysteries compensates for the great inconvenience in identification. After you peruse this volume, you should know the answers to the following: 1. What organism should be added to the childhood vaccine, especially for boys? (Chapter 13.) 2. What bacterium in its pleomorphic state is found in direct smears of synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis cases? (Chapter 19.) 3. In what chronic disease (currently listed as of unknown origin) is an acid-fast organism routinely found in smears of 72-h blood cultures in any routine medium? (Chapter 21.) 4. Which "bacterium" has a life cycle in the human erythrocyte as complex as that of Plasmodium malaria? (Chapter 25.) 5. The L form, of which common pathogen can permanently damage mammaliam myo cardium. (Chapter 11.) Those who made significant contributions to the 2nd edition are not forgotten. The major financial contributors to the 2nd edition have given significant support to this third volume. Alva Johnson has been a font of information; Phillip Hoekstra, Steven Phillips, and JoAnne Whitaker were valued collaborators in research; editing was accomplished by Michael P. Looney, Charlotte Olds, Charmaine Ramstead, Sandra Augustine, Richard Berri, and Mary L. Aselstein; and Ernest Hayes offered untiring technical assistance. TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Author Lida H. Mattman, Ph.D. is currently engaged in research at the Nelson Medical Research Institute in Warren, MI. The research specifically involves study of the spirochetes involved with Lyme, Multiple Sclerosis, and Lou Gehrig's Disease (ALS). Ever since she carried a microscope up and down Mount Oread at the University of Kansas, Dr. Mattman has been addicted to microscopy. She has worked in clinical laboratories in 10 U.S. states, often finding interesting correlations between microbial species and locale. Her academic degrees include a Bachelor of Arts in Bacteriology, from the University of Kansas, a Master's of Science with emphasis in VIrology from the University of Kansas, and a Doctorate in Immunology from Yale University. She has taught Pathogenic Bacteriology and/or Immunology at Harvard University, Howard Hughes Institute, Oakland University, and Wayne State University, where she is Professor Emerita. TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents Chapter 1 History Introduction 1 ............................................................................................................................... References 7 ................................................................................................................................. Chapter 2 Definitions Introduction 9 ............................................................................................................................... L-Phase Variant 10 ........................................................................................................... Protoplasts 10 ................................................................................................................... Spheroplasts 10 ................................................................................................................ Transitionals 10 ................................................................................................................ L-Bodies 11 ...................................................................................................................... Filtrable Fonns 11 ............................................................................................................ Pleomorphs 11 .................................................................................................................. Induction 11 ...................................................................................................................... Reversion 11 ..................................................................................................................... Gymnoplasts 11 ................................................................................................................ L-Dependents 11 .............................................................................................................. References 12 ............................................................................................................................... Chapter 3 Comparing Mycoplasma, CWD Forms, and Rickettsia Introduction 13 ............................................................................................................................. Similarities Relating Mycoplasma and CWD Fonns 13 ............................................................. Fine Structure 13 .............................................................................................................. Atmosphere Optimum for Growth 14 ............................................................................. Serum Requirements 14 ................................................................................................... Ribosomes 14 ................................................................................................................... Hemadsorption 15 ............................................................................................................ Sugar Phosphotransferase 15 ........................................................................................... pH Requirements 15 ......................................................................................................... Biochemical Properties Shared 15 ................................................................................... Factors Distinguishing Mycoplasma from CWD Fonns 15 ....................................................... Growth in Liquid Culture 15 ........................................................................................... Colonial Appearance 15 ................................................................................................... Sensitivity to Penicillin 15 ............................................................................................... Nucleic Acid Homology 16 ............................................................................................. Biochemical Activities 17 ................................................................................................ Bacteriocin Susceptibility 17 ........................................................................................... Wall-Associated Structures 18 ......................................................................................... Pathogenicity 18 ............................................................................................................... Summary 18 ................................................................................................................................. References 19 ...............................................................................................................................
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