Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 1: Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Advances and Challenges

171 Pages·2018·4.024 MB·English

by  Kursad Turksen

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1079
Cell Biology and Translational Medicine
Kursad Turksen Editor
Cell Biology
and Translational
Medicine,
Volume 1
Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine:
Advances and Challenges
Advances in Experimental Medicine
and Biology
Cell Biology and Translational Medicine
Volume 1079
SubseriesEditor
KursadTurksen
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15838
Kursad Turksen
Editor
Cell Biology and
Translational Medicine,
Volume 1
Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine:
Advances and Challenges
Editor
KursadTurksen
OttawaHospitalResearchInstitute(Retired)
Ottawa,ON,Canada
ISSN0065-2598 ISSN2214-8019 (electronic)
AdvancesinExperimentalMedicineandBiology
ISSN2522-090X ISSN2522-0918 (electronic)
CellBiologyandTranslationalMedicine
ISBN978-3-319-93866-0 ISBN978-3-319-93867-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93867-7
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Preface
Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological
aspectsofstemcells.Muchofthisresearchhasbeenfueledbytheirpotential
for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred
growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work
is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and
well-beingofpatientswithnumerousdiseasesandconditions.
With a goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange, Iam
verypleasedtoannouncethatwehaveinitiatedaseriestitledCellBiologyand
TranslationalMedicine(CBTMED)aspartofSpringerNature’slongstanding
and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book
series. As part of thenew CBTMED series, Iaim to haveemerging areas of
regenerativemedicineandtranslationalaspectsofstemcellscoveredineach
volume.Toachievethis,Ihaverecruitedoutstandingresearcherstohighlight
developmentsandremainingchallengesinboththebasicresearchandclinical
arenas. I am pleased to say that this current volume is the first volume of a
continuingseries.
IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoPeterButler,EditorialDirector,who
recently provided the opportunity for me to explore the CBTMED series. I
thankhimforhisconfidenceinthisproject.
ItalsogivesmegreatpleasuretoacknowledgeMeranOwen-Lloyd,Senior
Editor,forsettingthestagefortheseriestogetofftheground.
AspecialthankyougoestoSaraGermans-Huisman,AssistantEditor,for
hereffortsingettingthevolumetotheproductionstages.
Finally,Ithankthecontributorsnotonlyfortheirsupportoftheseries,but
alsofortheireffortstocaptureboththeadvancesandremainingobstaclesin
theirareasofresearch.Iamgratefulfortheireffortsandtrustthatreaderswill
findtheircontributionsinterestingandhelpful.
Ottawa,ON,Canada KursadTurksen
v
Contents
EmbryonicStemCellsinDevelopmentandRegenerative
Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AyşegülDoğan
AdultStemCellsandMedicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SinemCivrizBozdağ,MeltemKurtYüksel,andTanerDemirer
StemCellsinRegenerativeCardiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
SemihArbatlı,GalipServetAslan,andFatihKocabaş
ThePotencyofInducedPluripotentStemCellsinCartilage
RegenerationandOsteoarthritisTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
CormacMurphy,AliMobasheri,ZsuzsannaTáncos,
JuliannaKobolák,andAndrásDinnyés
Pericytes:TheRoleofMultipotentStemCellsinVascular
MaintenanceandRegenerativeMedicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
TokaA.AhmedandNagwaEl-Badri
StemCellTherapy:RepurposingCell-BasedRegenerative
MedicineBeyondCellReplacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
EleonoraNapoli,TrentonLippert,andCesarV.Borlongan
StemCellsinAlzheimer’sDisease:CurrentStanding
andFutureChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
HaithamSalem,GabrielaD.Colpo,andAntonioL.Teixeira
DevelopmentsinHematopoieticStemCellExpansion
andGeneEditingTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
DogacanYucelandFatihKocabas
ClinicalApplicationsofInducedPluripotentStem
Cells–StatoAttuale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
ChavaliKavyasudha,DannieMacrin,K.N.ArulJothi,
JoelP.Joseph,M.K.Harishankar,andArikkethDevi
vii
viii Contents
SafetyandEfficacyofEpigeneticallyConvertedHuman
FibroblastsIntoInsulin-SecretingCells:APreclinicalStudy. . . . . 151
TizianaA.L.Brevini,GeorgiaPennarossa,ElenaF.M.Manzoni,
andFulvioGandolfi
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
AdvExpMedBiol–CellBiologyandTranslationalMedicine(2018)1:1–15
DOI10.1007/5584_2018_175
#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
Publishedonline:21February2018
Embryonic Stem Cells in Development
and Regenerative Medicine
Ayşegül Doğan
Abstract regenerative medicine. This review also
After progressive improvement in embryonic dissusses current challenges for ES cell based
stem(ES)cellfield,severalstudieshavebeen therapy.
conducted to explore the usage of ES cells in
regenerativemedicine.Unlimitedselfrenewal Keywords
and pluripoteny properties, combined with Embryonicstemcells·Development·
encouraging preclinical trials, remark that ES Differentiation·Regenerativemedicine·
celltechnologymightbepromisingforclinical Tissueengineering
practice. ES cells, which can form three germ
layersinvitro,arepotentialcandidatestostudy
development at the cellular and molecular
Abbreviations
level. Understanding the cell fate decision
and differentiation processes during develop-
ALS AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis
ment might enable generating functional pro-
ASCs AdultStemCells
genitorcellsfortissuerestoration.Progression
in gene modifications and tissue engineering BDNF Brain-DerivedNeurotrophicFactor
BMP BoneMorphogenicProtein
technology has facilitated the derivation of
EB EmbryoidBody
desiredcellsfortherapy.Successindifferenti-
ation protocols and identification the regu- ECM ExtracellularMatrix
EGF EpidermalGrowthFactor
latory pathways simplify the research for
EScells Embryonicstemcells
clinical applications. Although there are
FACS Fluorescence-ActivatedCellSorting
established protocols for cell differentiation
in vitro and promising preclinical studies FGF FibroblastGrowthFactor
in vivo, many challenges need to be adressed Flt3L Fms-liketyrosinekinase3ligand
FoxO1 ForkheadboxO1
before clinical translation. In this review, ES
G-CSF Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating
cellsarediscussedasamodelofdevelopment
in vitro and as a potential candidate for Factor
GDNF Glial-DerivedNeurotrophicFactor
HSCs HematopoieticStemCells
ICM InnerCellMass
A.Doğan(*)
IL Interleukins
NationalCancerInstitute,CDBL,NIH,Frederick,MD,
USA IPS InducedPluripotentStemCells
e-mail:[email protected]
1
2 A.Doğan
LIF LeukemiaInhibitoryFactor definesthedynamicsofstemnessandtransforma-
MACS MagneticallyActivatedCellSorting tionpotential.Inadditiontothemechanismsthat
MHC MajorHistocompatibilityComplex regulatespluripotency,self-renewalofEScellsis
MS MultipleSclerosis controlled by sustained expression of proto-
MSCs MesenchymalStemCells oncogenes that needs to be clarified with further
NGF NerveGrowthFactor studies(Nishikawaetal.2007).
PODXL Podocalyxin-likeprotein-1 Strategies totestpluripotencyinvitroinvolve
RA RetinoicAcid embryoid body (EB) formation by inducing dif-
SCF StemCellFactor ferentiation of ES cells in feeder free
SCNT SomaticCellNuclearTransfer non-adherentculturesystemsfollowedbytrigger-
SHH SonicHedgehog ingthetransformationofspecificcellpopulations
TSCs TrophoblastStemCells derived from three embryonic germ layers
XENCs ExtraembryonicEndodermCells (Itskovitz-Eldor et al. 2000). The development
of teratomas as disorganized structures when ES
cellsaregraftedintoimmunodeficientmiceisthe
most well established pluripotency analysis
in vivo (Ritner and Bernstein 2010). Because ES
1 Introduction
cellshaveunlimitedproliferationandtransforma-
tion capacity in vitro and in vivo, they have
Differenttypesofmaturehumancells,residingin
become the aim of interest of many researches
the specific tissues and organs, have limited
inrecentyearsasacomprehensivecellsourceto
capacity of proliferation which restricts tissue
study development and new therapeutic
regeneration process (Jopling et al. 2011). How-
approachesforregenerativemedicine.Moreover,
ever, stem cells have an unlimited lifespan and
advanced genetic modification of ES cells is an
divisionpotential withabroadrangeofdifferen-
importantstep,allowingthegenerationofconve-
tiation capacity. Human stem cells are classified
nientcelllineagesthataredesiredforregenerative
into two major categories based on source and
medicineincell-basedtherapies.
differential potential: embryonic stem (ES) cells
In this review, the current strategies to study
and adult stem cells (ASCs) consisting
ES cells as a model of human development and
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchy-
regenerative medicine and the improvements of
mal stem cells (MSCs). ES cells are capable of
cell based approaches will be described in detail
differentiation into all cell lineages which makes
andthechallengesfor experimentalresearch and
them remarkable tools for developmental pro-
clinicalapplicationswillbebrieflydiscussed.
cesses and cell therapy studies. ES cells derived
fromtheinnercellmass(ICM)ofblastocystsare
pluripotent,providingthemunrestricteddifferen-
tiationpotential.Indefinedcultureconditions,ES 2 ES Cells in Development
cellscouldbemaintainedinundifferentiatedstate
and differentiated into other cell lineages Understanding the ES cells from an embryologi-
(Nishikawaetal.2007).PluripotentEScellsnor- calviewpointisrequiredtoidentifyEScellbiol-
mallyproducescompactcoloniesatundifferenti- ogy, develop experimental model systems and
atedstateanddifferentiatedcoloniesarelikelyto establish clinically relevant protocols for thera-
bemoreflattenedattheedgeswherecolonymor- peutic applications. In parallel, improvement of
phology loose spherical structure (Yabut and EScell-baseddifferentiationmodelscouldleadto
Bernstein 2011). Pluripotent ES cells are overcome differences between mouse and pri-
characterized by the expression of specific mate embryologic development and to trace fate
markers including OCT4, cMYC, KLF44, decision of human ES cells in in vitro culture
NANOG, SOX2 (Adewumi et al. 2007) which conditions.