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Cell Biology PDF

557 Pages·1996·75 MB·English
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-Ge//- BIOLOGY JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR EMAIL: WWW: http://www.thomson.com GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com A service of IQJP FTP: ftp.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] SECOND EDITION SMITH AND WOOD KAPARCHIEF CHAPMAN &. HALL London· Weinheim . New York· Tokyo· Melbourne· Madras Published by Chapman & Hall, 2--6 Boundary Row, London SE18HN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA Chapman & Hall, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2-2-1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India First edition 1992 Second edition 1996 © 1992, 1996 Chapman & Hall Typeset in 1O/11~ pt Palatino by Ian Foulis & Associates ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8052-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0441-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0441-8 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the UK address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Nwnber: 96-84896 Contents Editors' foreword ix Contributors to the second edition x Preface to the first edition xi Preface to the second edition xiii Abbreviations xv Greek alphabet xvii The elements xviii 1 Cells: an introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Microscopy 2 1.3 Structure of cells 10 1.4 Classification of organisms by cell structure 12 1.5 The cell membrane 13 1.6 Membrane compartments 14 1.7 The cytosol 41 1.8 Compartmentation of eukaryotic cells 46 1.9 Cell fractionation 47 1.10 Overview 50 2 Bacteria and viruses 53 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Eubacteria 53 2.3 Archaea or Archaebacteria 72 2.4 Viruses 74 2.5 Viroids 81 2.6 Prions 82 2.7 Bacteria and viruses in biochemical research 83 2.8 Overview 84 3 Cell culture and biotechnology 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 The beginnings of animal and plant cell culture 87 3.3 Animal cell culture 88 3.4 Plant cell culture 95 3.5 The scale-up of animal and plant cell cultures 97 3.6 Animal cell products 100 3.7 Plant cell products 106 3.8 Overview 108 4 Chromatin and the nucleus 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae 112 4.3 The Hershey and Chase experiment 114 / v7 Contents 4.4 Tobacco mosaic virus 115 4.5 Evidence that DNA is the genetic material in eukaryotes 117 4.6 Exploiting DNA as the genetic material 117 4.7 The nucleoid 121 4.8 The nucleus 122 4.9 The nucleolus 139 4.10 Origin ofthe nucleus 141 4.11 Overview 141 5 Biological membranes 144 5.1 Introduction 144 5.2 Chemical components of biological membranes 145 5.3 Organization and fluidity of membrane components 153 5.4 Junctions between cells 163 5.5 The membrane as a dynamic entity 167 5.6 Cell signalling and cell recognition 170 5.7 Membrane transport 171 5.8 Overview 181 6 Mitochondria and chloroplasts 184 6.1 Introduction 184 6.2 Energy transduction pathways in mitochondria and chloroplasts 185 6.3 Mitochondria 187 6.4 Chloroplasts 196 6.5 Biogenesis of mitochondria and chloroplasts 207 6.6 Evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts 211 6.7 Overview 212 7 The cytoskeleton 214 7.1 Introduction 214 7.2 A brief history 215 7.3 The isolation and characterization of cytoskeletal proteins 216 7.4 Microfilaments 217 7.5 Intermediate filaments 227 7.6 Microtubules 234 7.7 The erythrocyte cytoskeleton 244 7.8 Movement of cells during the embryonic development of animals 246 7.9 Concluding remarks 246 7.10 Overview 248 8 The extracellular matrix 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Composition and structural diversity 251 8.3 The fibrous proteins 252 8.4 The ground substance 256 8.5 Extracellular matrix diversity 262 8.6 Focal adhesions: specialized cytoskeleton-extracellular matrix associations 265 8.7 Molecules that mediate cell adhesion 266 8.8 Membrane receptors for extracellular matrix macromolecules 277 8.9 Cell movement and matrix interaction 280 8.10 Regulation of receptor expression and function 280 8.11 Reciprocity, gene expression and cell shape 281 8.12 Overview 282 ! Vi Contents / '----------~ 9 Eukaryotic cell walls 287 9.1 Introduction 287 9.2 Cell walls of flowering plants 287 9.3 Algal and protist cell walls 301 9.4 Fungal cells walls 304 9.5 Overview 305 10 Animal hormones and local mediators 309 10.1 Introduction 309 10.2 Structure and classification of animal hormones and local mediators 309 10.3 Structures of receptors in the cell membrane for hormones and local mediators 311 10.4 Cyclic AMP as a second messenger 313 10.5 Signalling by cyclic GMP: atrial naturetic peptides and nitric oxide 321 10.6 Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers 322 10.7 Receptors signalling through tyrosine phosphorylation 328 10.8 Steroid hormones penetrate the cell membrane 330 10.9 Overview 335 11 Plant hormones 339 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 Biosynthesis and general effects of major plant hormones 342 11.3 Mechanisms of plant hormone action 346 11.4 Second messengers 351 11.5 Other plant growth regulators 352 11.6 Interactive effects of plant hormones 357 11.7 Overview 358 12 Nerves, neurotransmitters and their receptors 361 12.1 Introduction 361 12.2 Resting potential 363 12.3 Action potential 364 12.4 Synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters and receptors 370 12.5 The generation of action potentials by sensory stimuli 380 12.6 Overview 388 13 Muscle contraction 391 13.1 Introduction 391 13.2 The cell biology of skeletal muscle 392 13.3 Other muscle types 396 13.4 Structural proteins of muscle 398 13.5 Energetics of muscle contraction 410 13.6 The role of ci+ in the regulation of muscle contraction and metabolism 414 13.7 Factors controlling muscle gene expression 418 13.8 Overview 419 14 Immunological defence 423 14.1 Introduction 423 14.2 Specificity of the immune response 424 14.3 Non-specific immunity 426 14.4 Specific immunity 432 14.5 The structure and function of antibodies 435 14.6 Cells and tissues of the specific immune response 444 L Vii7 Contents 14.7 Clonal selection 449 14.8 Antigen-presenting cells 450 14.9 Receptors on Band T lymphocytes 453 14.10 The major histocompatibility complex 454 14.11 Diversity of the immune response 457 14.12 Overview 460 15 Differentiation and development 463 15.1 Introduction 463 15.2 Stages of development in animals 464 15.3 Development in plants 470 15.4 Species used in the study of development 472 15.5 Totipotency, gene activity and differentiation 473 15.6 Determination, differentiation and developmental genetics 477 15.7 Positional information and the formation of pattern 482 15.8 Cell lineage studies 485 15.9 Cell differentiation and development in the nervous system 486 15.10 Overview 492 16 The cell cycle and cell death 495 16.1 Introduction 495 16.2 The cell cycle 498 16.3 Cell death 504 16.4 Overview 513 Answers to questions 517 Glossary 527 Index 531 - - -- j j Viii Contents '-------- Editors' foreword This book is one of a series of brief fundamental texts for junior undergraduates and diploma students in biological science. The series, Molecular and Cell Biochemistry, covers the whole of modern biochemistry, integrating animal, plant and microbial topics. The intention is to give the series special appeal to the many students who read biochemistry for only part of their course and who are looking for an all-encompassing and stimulating approach. Although all books in the series bear a distinct family likeness, each stands on its own as an independent text. Many students, particularly those with less numerate backgrounds, find elements of their biochemistry courses daunting, and one of our principal concerns is to offer books which present the facts in a palatable style. Each chapter is prefaced by a list of learning objectives, with short summaries and revision aids at the ends of chapters. The text itself is informal, and the incorporation of marginal notes and information boxes to accompany the main text give a tutorial flavour, complementing and supporting the main narrative. The marginal notes and boxes relate facts in the text to applicable examples in everyday life, in industry, in other life sciences and in medicine, and provide a variety of other educational devices to assist, support, and reinforce learning. References are annotated to guide students towards effective and relevant additional reading. Although students must start by learning the basic vocabulary of a subject, it is more important subsequently to promote understanding and the ability to solve problems than to present the facts alone. The provision of imaginative problems, examples, short-answer questions and other exercises is designed to encourage such a problem-solving attitude. A major challenge to both teacher and student is the pace at which biochemistry and molecular biology are advancing at the present time. For the teacher and textbook writer the challenge is to select, distil, highlight and exemplify, tasks which require a broad base of knowledge and indefatigable reading of the literature. For the student the challenge is not to be overwhelmed, to understand and ultimately to pass the examination! It is hoped that the present series will help by offering major aspects of biochemistry in digestible portions. This vast corpus of accumulated knowledge is essentially valueless unless it can be used. Thus these texts have frequent, simple exercises and problems. It is expected that students will be able to test their acquisition of knowledge but also be able to use this knowledge to solve problems. We believe that only in this way can students become familiar and comfortable with their knowledge. The fact that it is useful to them will mean that it is retained, beyond the last examination, into their future careers. The present series was written by lecturers in universities and colleges who have many years of experience in teaching, and who are also familiar with current developments through their research interests. They are, in addition, familiar with the difficulties and pressures faced by present-day students in / Editors' foreword ix /

Description:
1 Cells: an introduction.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Microscopy.- 1.3 Structure of cells.- 1.4 Classification of organisms by cell structure.- 1.5 The cell membrane.- 1.6 Membrane compartments.- 1.7 The cytosol.- 1.8 Compartmentation of eukaryotic cells.- 1.9 Cell fractionation.- 1.10 Overview.- 2 Bact
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