Cell-Associated Water. Proceedings of a Workshop on Cell-Associated Water Held in Boston, Massachusetts, September, 1976 PDF
Preview Cell-Associated Water. Proceedings of a Workshop on Cell-Associated Water Held in Boston, Massachusetts, September, 1976
CELL-ASSOCIATED W A T ER edited by W. DROST-HANSEN JAMES S. CLEGG University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida Proceedings of a Workshop on Cell-Associated Water Held in Boston, Massachusetts, September, 1976 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1979 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction Copyright © 1979, by Academic Press, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cell-associated water. "A workshop... organized in connection with the First International Congress on Cell Biology, Boston, September 1976." 1. Cell physiology-Congresses. 2. Water in the body- Congressess. 3. Water-Physiological effect-Congresses. I. Drost-Hansen, W. II. Clegg, James S., Date III. International Congress on Cell Biology 1st, Boston, 1976. [DNLM: 1. Histocytochemistry-Congresses. 2. Body water-Congresses. 3. Water-Congresses. QH613 W926c] QH631.C453 574.8'7 79-241 ISBN 0-12-222250-4 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Paula T. Beall (271). Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas P. Belouschek (3), University of Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany James S. Clegg (363), Laboratory for Quantitative Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Frank M. Etzler (125), Laboratory for Water Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Joel L. Fisher (415, 431), Science Advisory Board, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Keith T. Garlid (293), Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio Marcel P. Gingold (53), Departement de Biologie, Service de Biophysique, Cen-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France W. Drost-Hansen (115, 125), Laboratory for Water Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Carlton F. Hazlewood (165), Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, Houston, Texas Ricardo Μ. Hurtado (115), Laboratory for Water Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Gilbert N. Ling (261), Department of Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jean E. Morel (53), Departemente de Biologie, Service de Biophysiqu Cen-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France G. Peschel (3), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Essen, Federal Republic of Germany Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (1), Laboratory of the Institute for Muscle Research, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Philippa M. Wiggins (69), Department of Medicine, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand PREFACE This book was inspired by a Workshop, devoted to ''Cell-Associated Water," organized in connection with the First International Congress on Cell Biology (Bos ton, September 1976). Many of the papers in this volume were read at that Work shop; in addition, a few papers have been solicited from authors unable to attend the meeting. The state of cellular water continues to be the subject of considerable activity and controversy. For this reason, as Editors, we have stressed the desirability of each author ''setting the stage" for his discussion by the presentation of appropriate review material, but apart from that we have urged each author to discuss freely his views and opinions, however controversial. As a result, the views expressed in this volume do not necessarily form a conceptually integrated overview of cell- associated water but rather offer various new insights and, in some cases, novel approaches to the topic. By the same token the Editors disclaim responsibility for the personal opinions expressed by the individual authors. On the other hand, we believe with Dr. Ralph Home that we "would like to see scientific texts written as if the authors cared about the subject matter, as if they thought it important enough to venture an opinion. Opinions as well as facts belong in scientific papers, monographs, and texts." To this we may well add T. H. Huxley's observation, "It is a popular delusion that the scientific enquirer is under an obligation not to go beyond generalization of observed facts—but anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific work is aware that those who refuse to go beyond the facts, rarely get as far." The material in this volume is primarily ordered according to the complexity of the systems examined, starting with aspects of pure colloid and surface science and ending with topics in zoogeography. It is our hope that this volume will reach those scientists who are concerned with cell biology in general and those in particular who are concerned with the events in and the role of the aqueous phase of cells. It is also our hope that graduate students Cell-Associated Water WELCOMING ADDRESS Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Laboratory of the Institute for Muscle Research Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts The biologists of the XIX century were unable to approach the problem of the living state, being prevented to do so by their cellular prejudice. They were convinced that complex chemical processes could be performed only by complete cells. It was E. Büchner who destroyed this pre judice by showing that fermentation could take place in an assembly of dissolved molecules. Hence, present-day biology is a molecular biology. We have traded in our cellular pre judice for a molecular prejudice. Our body being built of molecules, we believe that all its reactions have to be molecular. There can be no doubt about the wonderful achievements of the molecular approach. However, the molecular is but one of the three dimensions involved in the mechanisms of life: the molecular, the infra- and the supra-molecular. Life can be understood only by their combination. While, in theory, there is no dividing line between these dimensions, there is a difference in the tools and methods by which they can be studied. While in the mole cular dimension the main tools are chemical, in the infra- and supra-molecular dimensions the main tools are physical, like NMR or ESR. In the everyday life of the scientist there is also another difference between these dimensions. The molecular outlook being the oldest, the physical approach is not sufficiently represented on committees of granting agencies and editorial boards, which favor the molecular approach at the expense of the physical, a difference which has to be corrected urgently. Copyright © 1979 by Academic Press, Inc. . All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ' ISBN 0-12-222250-4 REVIEWS OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 1982 3. Maisch ΡΛ, Calderone RA. Role of Surface Mannan in the Adherence of Candida albicans to Fibrin-Pi atelet Clots Formed in vitro. Infect Immun 32:92, 1981. The results indicate that cell surface mannan may play an important role in the adherence of Candida to the fibrin- platelet matrices which form in vivo in the endocardium of heart valves. This mannan can be shown to be an important component of a thick floccular material which is adherent to the external surface of C. albicans cell walls. 4. Sobel JD, Myers PC, Kaye D, Levinson ME. Adherence of Candida albicans to Human Vaginal and Buccal Epithelial Cells. J Infect Dis 143:76, 1981. This is an in vitro study of adherence. Factors that enhanced germination and viability of the organism enhanced adherence. There were significant differences between adherence with cells of different volunteers, and adherence to buccal cells was slightly greater than to vaginal cells. Pre-lncubation of the cells with certain enzymes or sugars inhibited adherence, as did precoating of the epithelial cells with lactobacilli. They believe that adherence of C. albicans is enhanced by a surface component of germinated yeast cells, probably a surface protein, that binds to the epithelial receptor, possibly to glycoprotein. 5. Sobel JD, Schneider J, Kaye D, Levinson ME. Adherence of Bacteria to Vaginal Epithelial Cells at Various Times in the Menstrual Cycle. Infect Immun 32:194, 1981. They studied ten healthy sexually active medical students for adherence of E. coli, lactobacilli, group Β streptococci, Gardnerella vaginalis and N. gonorrhoeae to isolated vaginal epithelial cells at various times during the menstrual cycle. There were no significant differences in adherence for any of the organisms at various times. 6. Lemberg Η, Jodal U, Svanborg-Eden C, et al. PI Blood Group and Urinary Tract Infection. Lancet 1:551 (Letter), 1981. The severity of a urinary tract infection correlates with the ability of the infecting E. coli to adhere to human uroepithelial cells and greater adherence has been recorded for patients especially prone to UTI's. The authors have suggested that glycolipids act as receptors for the organisms on cells, and that the carbohydrate sequence gal-alpha 1-4 gal is recognized by the bacteria. Many individuals carry a PI antigen on their red blood cells which contains the specific sugar sequence mentioned. The authors considered the question that such patients might have a similar glycolipid composition in other cells such as epithelial Cell-Associated Water THE PROBLEM OF WATER STRUCTURE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS^ G. Peschel Department of Physical Chemistry University of Essen Federal Republic of Germany Ρ. Belouschek University of Wurzburg Federal Republic of Germany I. INTRODUCTION The structure of water has aroused the interest of many investigators since the turn of the century, but its highly complex nature has prevented a good understanding of its physical properties (61,49). The problem becomes even more difficult if water is structurally modified by ions or by proximity to a solid surface. Indeed, the effects of inter faces on water structure is attracting considerable atten tion as the results of such studies (on both pure water and aqueous solutions) must be applicable to and necessary for an understanding of the state of water in cellular systems. As long as no theoretical model exists which rigorously reflects all bulk properties of water, it appears an overwhelming task to describe water structurally as influenced by the proximity to a solid interface in terms of concrete structural para meters. Efforts made in this direction were summarized ex cellently by Drost-Hansen (45). ^We express our gratitude to the Deutsche Forschungsge meinschaft and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie for financial support. Copyright © 1979 by Academic Press, Inc. J All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ISBN 0-12-222250-4 4 G. Peschel and P. Belouschek It is commonly believed that the structure of water near interfaces is different from the bulk, this change originating from the first molecular adsorption layer which, when being attached to an underlying hydrophilic surface, is regarded to be strongly subject to restricted molecular motions. This effect is envisaged to be transmitted over many molecular diameters via hydrogen bonds deep into the bulk phase. It is still unclear whether there is an abrupt break down of molecular surface orientation far from the inter face, though some findings support this view (32,29)· More over, there is a significant amount of evidence that the degree of structural change in vicinal water depends sensi tively on whether the interface is more or less hydrophilic or even hydrophobic. Drost-Hansen (44) has adapted a fre quently cited model for explaining the "structuring" of aqueous surface zones. In his opinion, the adjacent solid wall induces the formation of some sort of clusters, clathrate cage-like or high-pressure ice polymorphs, all being in equilibrium with monomeric water molecules. Exten sive clathrate-like ordering was ascribed to the presence of hydrophobic surfaces. This means that the surface proper ties of water are also strongly directed into the third dimension and, therefore, display "capillary-II effects" as introduced by Shcherbakov (105). Former work in the field of anomalous behavior of vicinal water was summarized by Henniker (56). Although it is well-known that water plays a major role in a vast number of biological processes in living tissue, this problem has until recently received little attention. It is quite clear that cells and tissues are very rich in interfaces and these must exert a marked influence on adja cent water structure. The problem of elucidating water structure in living tissue has chiefly been studied by NMR methods which permit non-destructive experiments. Important early work in this field was carried out by Hazlewood, et al. (53) (see also chapter in this volume). By aid of spin-echo decay measurements, they investigated water in skeletal muscles from rats and mice and found that the intracellular water experiences restricted molecular motions. More recent work by Hazlewood, et αΙ· (54) re vealed that water in cells might be composed of three dif ferent fractions of non- (or slowly) exchanging water. The authors believe that the structure of all or a very large part of the cellular water is affected by the presence of Problem of Water Structure * the large number of interfaces encountered within cells. This point, to be sure, is still a subject of active contro versy. Similar studies by Chapman and McLauchlan (14) lead to the observation that two types of proton environments exist in biological tissue. These findings are more or less con firmed by a number of other authors using different tissue specimens (10,18,71,46,20,9,26,79). The NMR behavior of Na"^ ions in muscle, brain and kidney tissue has been examined by Cope (19). The results indicated that 60-70% of the Na"*" had a response time analo gous to that of Na"*" complexed in an ion exchange resin. Thus, Na"^ might be considered to be complexed or associated with charged sites on macromolecules. The rest of the Na"*" ions appear to be found within the structured vicinal water. Further studies on Na"*" were carried out by Czeisler and Swift (23) and Magnuson and Magnuson (72). Corresponding tests with K"*" were made in bacteria (21) . It should be men tioned that Cope treated his results in terms of semi- conduction phenomena and solid state physics. The particular importance of the NMR investigations of Damadian (24) lies in his attempts to devise a method by which malignant tumors in tissue can be detected via structured water NMR signals. A number of studies on the structure of intracellular water is based on freezing point changes which, according to the nature of the different intracellular interfaces, are lowered to variable extents. This suggests that at least part of the intracellular water might be "anti-crystalline" in the sense advanced by Ubbelohde (109). Basic work in this field has been done by Mazur (73) and further evidence for anomalous water properties in biological systems comes from intracellular freezing patterns (98), indicating that intra cellular water can undergo appreciable super-cooling. The lowering of the freezing point is commonly ascribed to the lack of intracellular nucleators of super-cooled water. Fur ther details are summarized by Drost-Hansen (45). Electrical conductivity studies by Carpenter^ et al. (13) using Aplysia neurons suggest that the observed reduc tion in conductivity is somehow connected with the presence of structured water. Fernández-Moran (50) pointed out that structured water might be an important constituent of biolo gical membranes exhibiting a number of functional properties. Particularly, the selective permeability of membranes should be controlled by modified water existing chiefly in membrane 6 G. Peschel and P. Belouschek pores. More detailed work in this field has been conducted by Schultz and Asunmaa (103) who have developed molecular models of lipid/water components of the hexagonal subunits found in plasma membranes. The most interesting finding, however, is the observa tion of thermal anomalies in a vast number of kinetic pro cesses in living tissue, including enzyme activities. These anomalies, discussed in detail by Drost-Hansen (42,43,45) occur in narrow temperature ranges around 15°, 30°, 45° and 60°C and are ascribed to structural transitions of surface- ordered intracellular water which, in turn, may exert a marked influence on the conformations of enzymes and proteins in the cell. Abrupt changes in enz3mie activity near these transition temperatures point to larger energy differences between two forms of the enzyme, both being stabilized by vicinal water structure. Long-range structuring effects represented by particu larly deep surface orientation of water between two fused silica plates with extrema close to the temperatures cited above have been observed by one of the present authors (85, 87). These results support the belief that most of the thermal anomalies occurring in biological systems are due to structural peculiarities of intracellular structured water. The cooperativity of surface-ordered water is also stressed by Ling (66-69) (see also chapter by Ling in this volume). He has advanced the "association-induction hypo thesis" in which intracellular water is considered to exist as polarized multilayers which are functionally linked to a cooperative adsorption of ions on protein sites. In con trast to the classical view which postulates that ion accumu lation in cells occurs by the action of ion membrane pumps. Ling provides experimental evidence that structured water is an essential ingredient in this regard by exhibiting changed solvent properties for the different electrolytes and non- electrolytes encountered in biological tissue. Excellent model investigations by Wiggins (116) with inanimate materials have strengthened the view that intracellular water structures play a major role in cellular solute dis tributions. The serious drawback of all these experiments lies in the fact that biological tissue has an extremely com plex structure which makes it very difficult to elucidate the basic characteristics of structured water.
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