Cell and Muscle Motility

404 Pages·1981·13.724 MB·English

by  Radovan Zak (auth.), Robert M. Dowben, Jerry W. Shay (eds.)

CELL MUSCLE
and
MOTIliTY 1
W1lume
Cell and Muscle Motility
Advisory Editors:
B. R. Brinkley, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
Setsuro Ebashi, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Robert D. Goldman, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago
RaymondJ. Lasek, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
Frank A. Pepe, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Keith R. Porter, University of Colorado, Boulder
Andrew G. Szent-Gyorgyi, Brandeis University, Waltham
Edwin W. Taylor, University of Chicago, Chicago
CELL MUSCLE
and
MOTILITY 1
Volume
Edited by
Robert M.Dowben
and
Jerry W. Shay
University oj Texas Health Science Center
Dallas, Texas
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Cell and muscle motility.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Muscle contraction. 2. Cells-Motility. I. Dowben, Robert M. II. Shay, Jerry W.
[DNLM: 1. Cytology-Periodical. 2. Muscles-Periodical. 3. Movement-Periodical.
WI CE127]
QP321.C365 599.01'852 81-13827
ISBN 978-I -4684-8198-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-8196-9 (eBook) AACR2
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-8196-9
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1981
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher
Contributors
Ian K. Buckley, Department of Experimental Pathology, John Curtin School
of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra City,
A.C.T. 2601, Australia
C. Tyler Burt, Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon
97202
Paul R. Burton, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
Roger Cooke, Department of Biochemistry/Biophysics and Cardiovascular Re
search Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
Barry S. Eckert, Department of Anatomical Sciences, State University of New
York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
Howard Feit, Departments of Cell Biology and Neurology, The University of
Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
John W. Fuseler, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Health
Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
Giuseppe Inesi, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Maryland
Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Stephen]. Koons, Department of Biophysical Sciences, State University of New
York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
Patricia F. Maness, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of
Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27514
Roger McCarter, Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78284
Jerry W. Shay, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Health
Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
James T. Stull, Moss Heart Center and Department of Pharmacology, The
University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
Radovan Zak, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological and Physiologi
cal Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
C. Richard Zobel, Department of Biophysical Sciences, State University of
New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
Preface
Motility is a fundamental property of living systems, from the cytoplasmic
streaming of unicellular organisms to the most highly differentiated and devel
oped contractile system of higher organisms, striated muscle. Research on var
ious aspects of motile systems in muscle and undifferentiated or non muscle cells
has been developing at an ever more rapid pace in the laboratories of investiga
tors with a wide variety of backgrounds using methodologies varying from me
chanics to the most sophisticated physical measurements. Significant contri
butions to our understanding of motility are coming from the disciplines of
cell biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology, biophysics, and
physiology. The findings have relevance not only to basic scientists but to
clinicians in such diverse fields as cardiology and neurology and to scientists
in the more traditional physical sciences. Cell and Muscle Motility is a new
multivolume series of essays by distinguished research workers in various
fields whose work has a common thread of dealing with one aspect or another
of motility. The essays are meant to focus on topics of current interest, to be
critical rather than exhaustive, and to indicate the current trends of research
efforts. The series is intended to foster an interchange of concepts among
various workers in the field and to serve as a reference for students and
workers who wish to familiarize themselves with the most current progress in
motility.
The editors would like to thank Kirk Jensen, who envisioned this series,
and his colleagues at Plenum Publishing Corporation, particularly Nancy
Mester and Geraldine Baldwin, for their constant and generous help in the
production of this series.
Robert M. Dowben
Jerry W. Shay
Dallas
Contents
Chapter 1
Contractile Function as a Determinant of Muscle Growth
Radovan Zak
1. Introduction ................................................... 1
2. Cytodifferentiation of Myogenic Cells. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .3
2.1. Skeletal Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
2.2. Cardiac Muscle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
2.3. Markers of Specific Genes: Molecular Variants of Myofibrillar
Proteins.. . . ... .... .. .. .... . .. ..... . . .. ....... . . ... ... . . . .. 6
2.4. Molecular Variants of Myofibrillar Proteins and Myogenesis .. .. 9
3. Muscle Morphogenesis................... . ......... ......... .... 9
3.1. Morphogenesis of Skeletal Muscle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
3.2. Cardiac Morphogenesis ....................... , ............. 13
4. Postnatal Development of Muscles ................................ 14
4.1. Skeletal Muscle ............................................. 15
4.2. Cardiac Muscle ............................................. 19
5. Possible Mechanisms Controlling the Gene Expression in Muscle .... 21
5.1. Control of DNA Replication ................................. 21
5.2. Transcriptional Control in Muscle ........................... 22
5.3. Posttranscriptional Control .................................. 24
6. Conclusion ..................................................... 25
References
Chapter 2
Studies of Sarcomere Length by Optical Diffraction
Roger McCarter
1. Introduction ................................................... 35
2. Sarcomere Length and Muscle Function .......................... 37
3. Nature of the Diffraction Patterns ................................ 40
Contents
4. Origin of the Diffraction Patterns ................................ 43
5. Experimental Methods .......................................... 48
6. Diffraction Studies of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle ................. 51
6.1. Skeletal Muscle ............................................. 51
6.2. Cardiac Muscle ............................................. 55
7. Problems of Interpretation ...................................... 57
8. Conclusions .................................................... 59
References
Chapter 3
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
Giuseppe Inesi
1. Introduction ................................................... 63
2. Structure of the Sarcotubular Membrane System ................... 63
2.1. Sarcotubular System in Muscle Fibers ........................ 63
2.2. Isolated Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles ..................... 67
2.3. Isolation of Tubular Membranes ............................. 68
3. Functional Features of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles ............ 71
3.1. Calcium Pump ............................................. 71
3.2. Ca2+ -Dependent ATPase .................................... 72
3.3. ATPase Catalytic Cycle ...................................... 73
3.4. Reversal of the Ca2+ Pump and Synthesis of ATP ............. 74
3.5. Kinetic Resolution of Partial Reactions ....................... 76
3.6. Coupling Mechanisms in the Enzyme-Transport Cycle ......... 80
4. Role of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Striated Muscle ................. 83
4.1. Induction of Relaxation ..................................... 83
4.2. Excitatory Mechanisms ...................................... 85
4.3. Calcium Release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
5. Concluding Remarks ............................................ 90
References
Chapter 4
Myosin Phosphorylation: A Biochemical Mechanism for Regulating
Contractility
Roger Cooke and James T. Stull
1. Introduction ................................................... 99
2. Myosin Light-Chain Kinases ..................................... 102
2.1. Physical Properties of Myosin Light-Chain Kinases ............ 103
2.2. Enzymatic Properties of Myosin Light-Chain Kinases .......... 104
2.3. Activation of Myosin Light-Chain Kinases by Ca2+ and
Calmodulin ................................................ 105
Contents
2.4. Effects of Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs on Myosin
Light-Chain Kinase Activation ............................... 109
2.5. Regulation of Myosin Light-Chain Kinases by
Cyclic-AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase ....................... 110
3. Myosin Light-Chain Phosphatases ................................ 111
4. Properties of Myosin Phosphorylation in Living Cells ............... 112
4.1. Smooth Muscles ............................................ 112
4.2. Platelets ................................................... 113
4.3. Skeletal Muscles ............................................ 113
4.4. Heart .................................................... .114
5. The Function of Myosin Phosphorylation ........................ .'114
5.1. Smooth Muscles ........................................... .115
5.2. Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles ................................ 123
5.3. Nonmuscle Cells ........................................... 126
References
Chapter 5
Fine-Structural and Related Aspects of Nonmuscle-Cell Motility
Ian K. Buckley
1. Introduction ................................................... 135
1.1. Purpose and Scope ......................................... 135
1.2. Related Reviews ............................................ 136
2. Cell-Motility Phenomena ........................................ 137
2.1. Initial Adhesion and Spreading .............................. 137
2.2. Cell Retraction ............................................ .139
2.3. Cytokinesis ................................................ 140
2.4. Movements of Spread Cells .................................. 140
3. Fine-Structural Correlations ..................................... 147
3.1. Brief Overview of the Spread Cell .......................... .148
3.2. Regional Fine Structure ..................................... 152
4. In Situ Identification of Filament Proteins ........................ .162
4.1. Light-Microscopic Studies .................................. .163
4.2. Electron-Microscopic Studies ................................ 168
5. Model Studies .................................................. 177
5.1. Physarum ................................................. .178
5.2. Characeae ................................................ .180
5.3. Cultured Cells ............................................ .183
6. Summary, Problems, and Prospects .............................. .184
6.1. A Codistribution of Actin and Myosin? ...................... .185
6.2. Specific Inhibitors ............... , ......................... .187
6.3. Improved Fine Structure .................................... 187
6.4. Reality and Nature of Cross-Links .......................... .187
References
Contents
Chapter 6
The Role of Intermediate (1 O-nm) Filaments in the Development and
Integration of the Myofibrillar Contractile Apparatus in the Embryonic
Mammalian Heart
John W. Fuseler, Jerry W. Shay, and Howard Feit
1. Introduction ................................................... 205
1.1. Distribution and Classes of Intermediate Filaments in Various
Cell Types ................................................., 205
1.2. Techniques of Immunocytochemistry for Intermediate
Filaments .................................................. 206
1.3. Methods of Myocyte Isolation ...............................2 11
104. Methods of Indirect Immunofluorescence .................... 212
1.5. Microscopy ................................................2 12
2. Alterations in Distribution and Morphology of Intermediate
Filaments with Developmental Time in the
Embryonic Mammalian Heart ....................................2 12
2.1. Desmin Changes in Embryonic Myocytes .....................2 12
2.2. Desmin Changes in Embryonic Nonmyocytes .................2 18
2.3. Comparison of Desmin Changes in Developing Cardiac,
Skeletal, and Smooth Muscle ................................2 19
204. Nervous-Tissue Intermediate Filaments Found in Developing
Heart Cells ................................................2 22
3. Properties of Cardiac Intermediate Filaments ......................2 30
3.1. Effects of Temperature ..................................... 230
3.2. Effects of Colchicine and Vinblastine .........................2 32
4. Association of Creatine Phosphokinase with Cytoskeletal Elements"
of Developing Cardiac Cells ...................................... 240
4.1. Association with M and Z Lines ..............................2 40
4.2. Association with Intermediate Filaments ...................... 242
4.3. Association with Actin Fibers ................................2 42
404. Association with the Mitotic Spindle .......................... 248
5. Possible Functions qf Intermediate Filaments in the Development
of the Embryonic Mammalian Heart .............................. 250
5.1. Integration of Cytoskeletal Elements ......................... 250
5.2. Support and Localized Energy Generation .................... 253
References
Chapter 7
Creatine Kinase and Intermediate Filaments in Cultured Mammalian
Cells
Barry S. Eckert, Stephen J. Koons, and C. Richard Zobel
1. Introduction ...................................................2 61