Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments

837 Pages·2009·113.854 MB·English

by  Gerald Karp

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Nobel Prizes Awarded for Research
in Cell and Molecular Biology Since 1958
Year Recipient* Prize Area ofResearch Pages in Text
2008 Francoise Barré-Sinoussi M & P** Discovery of HIV 23
Luc Montagnier
Harald zur Hausen Role of HPV in cancer 654
Martin Chalfie Chemistry Discovery and development 267,720
Osamu Shimomura of GFP
Roger Tsien
2007 Mario R.Capecchi M & P Development of techniques 760
Martin J.Evans for knockout mice
Oliver Smithies
2006 Andrew Z.Fire M&P RNA Interference 449,762
Craig C.Mello
Roger D.Kornberg Chemistry Transcription in eukaryotes 427,481
2004 Richard Axel M& P Olfactory receptors 622
Linda B.Buck
Aaron Ciechanover Chemistry Ubiquitin and proteasomes 529
Avram Hershko
Irwin Rose
2003 Peter Agre Chemistry Structure of membrane 146,148
Roderick MacKinnon channels
2002 Sydney Brenner M & P Introduction of C.elegans 17
John Sulston as a model organism
H.Robert Horvitz Apoptosis in C.elegans 643
John B.Fenn Chemistry Electrospray ionization in MS 740
Koichi Tanaka MALDI in MS 740
Kurt Wüthrich NMR analysis of proteins 56
2001 Leland H.Hartwell M & P Control of the cell cycle 564,600
Tim Hunt
Paul Nurse
2000 Arvid Carlsson M & P Synaptic transmission and 163
Paul Greengard signal transduction 605
Eric Kandel
1999 Günter Blobel M & P Protein trafficking 276
1998 Robert Furchgott M & P NO as intercellular 641
Louis Ignarro messenger
Ferid Murad
(cid:2) (cid:2)
1997 Jens C.Skou Chemistry Na /K -ATPase 153
Paul Boyer Mechanism of ATP synthesis 195
John Walker
Stanley B.Prusiner M & P Protein nature of prions 64
1996 Rolf M.Zinkernagel M & P Recognition of virus-infected cells 709
Peter C.Doherty by the immune system
1995 Edward B.Lewis M & P Genetic control of EP12
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard embryonic development
Eric Wieschaus
1994 Alfred Gilman M & P Structure and function of 610
Martin Rodbell GTP-binding (G) proteins
1993 Kary Mullis Chemistry Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 751
Michael Smith Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) 760
Richard J.Roberts M & P Intervening sequences 438
Phillip A.Sharp
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Year Recipient* Prize Area ofResearch Pages in Text
1992 Edmond Fischer M & P Alteration of enzyme activity by 112,614
Edwin Krebs phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
1991 Erwin Neher M & P Measurement of ion flux by 147
Bert Sakmann patch-clamp recording
1989 J.Michael Bishop M & P Cellular genes capable of causing 677
Harold Varmus malignant transformation
Thomas R.Cech Chemistry Ability of RNA to catalyze reactions 469
Sidney Altman
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Chemistry Bacterial photosynthetic reaction 213
Robert Huber center
Hartmut Michel
1987 Susumu Tonegawa M & P DNA rearrangements responsible 696
for antibody diversity
1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini M & P Factors that affect nerve outgrowth 372
Stanley Cohen
1985 Michael S.Brown M & P Regulation of cholesterol metabolism 312
Joseph L.Goldstein and endocytosis
1984 Georges Köhler M & P Monoclonal antibodies 763
Cesar Milstein
Niels K.Jerne Antibody formation 687
Bruce Merrifield Chemistry Chemical synthesis of peptides 746
1983 Barbara McClintock M & P Mobile elements in the genome 402
1982 Aaron Klug Chemistry Structure of nucleic acid-protein 76
complexes
1980 Paul Berg Chemistry Recombinant DNA technology 748
Walter Gilbert DNA sequencing technology 753
Frederick Sanger
Baruj Bennacerraf M & P Major histocompatibility complex 699
Jean Dausset
George D.Snell
1978 Werner Arber M & P Restriction endonuclease technology 746
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O.Smith
Peter Mitchell Chemistry Chemiosmotic mechanism of 181
oxidative phosphorylation
1976 D.Carleton Gajdusek M & P Prion-based diseases 64
1975 David Baltimore M & P Reverse transcriptase and tumor 676
Renato Dulbecco virus activity
Howard M.Temin
1974 Albert Claude M & P Structure and function of internal 267
Christian de Duve components of cells
George E.Palade
1972 Gerald Edelman M & P Immunoglobulin structure 693
Rodney R.Porter
Christian B.Anfinsen Chemistry Relationship between primary and 62
tertiary structure of proteins
1971 Earl W.Sutherland M & P Mechanism of hormone 614
action and cyclic AMP
1970 Bernard Katz M & P Nerve impulse propagation 160
Ulf von Euler and transmission
Luis F.Leloir Chemistry Role of sugar nucleotides in 280
carbohydrate synthesis
1969 Max Delbrück M & P Genetic structure of viruses 22,415
Alfred D.Hershey
Salvador E.Luria
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Year Recipient* Prize Area ofResearch Pages in Text
1968 H.Gobind Khorana M & P Genetic code 456
Marshall W.Nirenberg
Robert W.Holley Transfer RNA structure 457
1966 Peyton Rous M & P Tumor viruses 676
1965 Francois Jacob M & P Bacterial operons and messenger 500,421
Andre M.Lwoff RNA
Jacques L.Monod
1964 Dorothy C.Hodgkin Chemistry X-ray structure of complex biological molecules 740
1963 John C.Eccles M & P Ionic basis of nerve 159
Alan L.Hodgkin membrane potentials
Andrew F.Huxley
1962 Francis H.C.Crick M & P Three-dimensional structure 386
James D.Watson of DNA
Maurice H.F.Wilkins
John C.Kendrew Chemistry Three-dimensional structure 56
Max F.Perutz of globular proteins
1961 Melvin Calvin Chemistry Biochemistry of CO assimilation 221
2
during photosynthesis
1960 F.MacFarlane Burnet M & P Clonal selection theory of 687
Peter B.Medawar antibody formation
1959 Arthur Kornberg M & P Synthesis of DNA and RNA 538,456
Severo Ochoa
1958 George W.Beadle M & P Gene expression 420
Joshua Lederberg
Edward L.Tatum
Frederick Sanger Chemistry Primary structure of proteins 54
*In a few cases,corecipients whose research was in an area outside of cell and molecular biology have been omitted from this list.
**Medicine and Physiology
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6
th edition
Cell and
Molecular
Biology
Concepts
and
Experiments
Gerald Karp
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
JWCL151_fm_i-xviii.qxd 8/7/09 8:54 PM Page iv
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COVER PHOTO From Shigeo Takamori et al.,courtesy of
Reinhard Jahn of the Max-Planck Institute for
Biophysical Chemistry,Cell127:841,2006.
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About the Author
G
erald C. Karp received a bachelor’s degree gastrulation, and cell determination in slime molds. For
from UCLA and a Ph.D. from the University 13 years,he taught courses in molecular,cellular,and devel-
of Washington. He conducted postdoctoral opmental biology at the University of Florida. During this
research at the University of Colorado Medical period, Gerry coauthored a text in developmental biology
Center before joining the faculty at the University of with N.John Berrill and authored a text in cell and molec-
Florida. Gerry is the author of numerous research articles ular biology. Finding it impossible to carry on life as both
on the cell and molecular biology of early development. full-time professor and author, Gerry gave up his faculty
His interests have included the synthesis of RNA in early position to concentrate on writing. He hopes to revise this
embryos, the movement of mesenchyme cells during text every three years
About the Cover
A
molecular model of the membrane of a synaptic in green. The image on the back cover shows the surface
vesicle. Within nerve cells, a synaptic vesicle structure of an intact vesicle.Most of the proteins present in
consists of a cellular membrane surrounding a this membrane are required for the interaction of the vesicle
soluble compartment filled with neurotransmit- with the plasma membrane. The large blue protein at the
ter molecules.Vesicles of this type are assembled in the vicin- lower right of the vesicle contains a ring of subunits that
ity of a nerve cell’s nucleus and then transported to the tip of rotates within the lipid bilayer as the protein pumps hydrogen
the axon. There the vesicle awaits the arrival of a nerve ions into the vesicle. The elevated concentration of hydro-
impulse that will induce it to fuse with the overlying plasma genions within the vesicle is subsequently used as an energy
membrane, releasing its contents into the narrow cleft that source for the uptake of neurotransmitter molecules from the
separates the nerve cell from a neighboring cell.The three- surrounding cytosol.These images provide the most compre-
dimensional model of this membrane was constructed using hensive model of any cellular membrane yet to be studied
known structures of the various proteins along with informa- and they reveal how much this membrane is dominated by
tion on their relative numbers obtained from the analysis of protein—both within the bilayer itself and on both mem-
purified synaptic vesicles. The image on the front cover brane surfaces. (From Shigeo Takamori et al., courtesy of
shows a synaptic vesicle that has been cut in half; the lipid Reinhard Jahn of the Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical
bilayer that forms the core of the vesicle membrane is shown Chemistry,Cell 127:841,2006.)
JWCL151_fm_i-xviii.qxd 8/7/09 8:54 PM Page vi
To Patsy and Jenny