CAUSES OF THE REvOlUTiOn

47 Pages·2016·6.94 MB·English

A
CAUSES OF THE
SECTiOn
REvOlUTiOn

D
E
T
S
C
F
What were the significant causes of revolution?
E
O
How did the actions of key individuals and popular movements
R
contribute to triggering the revolution?
O
R
To what extent did social tensions and ideological conflicts
R
contribute to the outbreak of revolution?
O
P
C

E
N
G
U
A
P
XIV China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE Ch1in9a R1isin2g: –ThEO REcVOLtUTioOnabRY eEXPrER iE1nCE9491
secTion A TiMeLine
Official proclamation Yuan ascends Imperial throne Sun-Joffe Declaration – First
Execution of Qiu Jin
of Republic of China United Front
Death of Yuan Shikai
Death of Emperor Emperor Pu Yi abdicates
United Front formalised with
Guangxu
Chinese Communist Party
Inauguration of President Yuan Shi kai Beginning of warlord era and Comintern
Death of Dowager D
Empress Cixi
Guomindang (GMD) founded
Sun Yixian establishes
E
L Emperor Pu Yi military government L
A National parliamentary elections: GMD A
C ascends throne C
TI wins nearly half of seats TI
LI T LI
O Death of O
P JSapan Sun Yixian P
C presents First Congress of
Twenty-One Chinese Communist
F
Song Jiaoren Demands Party in Shanghai
E assassinated Liao
O
Zhongkai
Yuan accepts
R Yuan dissolves modified assassinated
Onational Twenty-One
parliament Demands
R
R
1907JUL 15 1908NOV 14 15 DEC 2 1911OCT 10 1912OJAN 1 FEB 12 MAR 10 AUG 25 1913JANMAR 20 APR 26 1914FEB 1915JAN 15 MAY 7 SEP 15 1916JAN 1 JUN 6 1917SEP 17 1918MAY 1919MAY 4 1921JUL 23 31 1923JAN 26 1924JAN 20 30 MAY 3 1925MAR 11 JUL 27 AUG 20
P
C
Y
R Y
A R
MILIT N ‘uDporuisbinleg Taetn WtEhu’ han HJuiaanngg pJiue sMhiil iatparpyo Ainctaedde hmeya dan odf NExoprethdeitrino n MILITA
commander-in-chief of begins
G
Nationalist Revolutionary Army
U
L
L A New Culture A
A R
R Movement U
U T
ULT P emerges May Fourth CUL
L - C impteirmiaell icnhei noaf New Youth Movement AL -
A I
I journal C
C Diary of a Madman – O
O established S
S Lu Xun
C
C MI
MI Government secures O
O Reorganisation Loan N
N O
CO from foreign banks EC
E
2 China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE 3
1907 1908 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1921 1923 1924 1925
Official proclamation Yuan ascends Imperial throne Sun-Joffe Declaration – First
Execution of Qiu Jin
of Republic of China United Front
Death of Yuan Shikai
Death of Emperor Emperor Pu Yi abdicates
United Front formalised with
Guangxu
Chinese Communist Party
Inauguration of President Yuan Shikai Beginning of warlord era and Comintern
Death of Dowager D
Empress Cixi
Guomindang (GMD) founded
Sun Yixian establishes
E
L Emperor Pu Yi military government L
A National parliamentary elections: GMD A
C ascends throne C
TI wins nearly half of seats TI
LI T LI
O Death of O
P Japan SunS Yixian P
presents First Congress of C
Twenty-One Chinese Communist
F
Song Jiaoren Demands Party in Shanghai
assassinated E Liao
O
Zhongkai
Yuan accepts
Yuan dissolves modified R assassinated
national Twenty-One O
parliament Demands
R
R
1907JUL 15 1908NOV 14 15 DEC 2 1911OCT 10 1912JAN 1 FEB 12 MAR 10 AUG 25 1913JANMAR 20 APR 26 1914FEB 1915JAN 15 MAY 7 SEP 15 1916JAN 1 JUN 6 1917SEP 17 1918MAY 1919MAYO4 1921JUL 23 31 1923JAN 26 1924JAN 20 30 MAY 3 1925MAR 11 JUL 27 AUG 20
P
C
Y
R Y
A R
MILIT ‘uDporuisbinleg Taetn Wthu’ han N EHJuiaanngg pJiue sMhiil iatparpyo Ainctaedde hmeya dan odf NExoprethdeitrino n MILITA
commander-in-chief of begins
G
Nationalist Revolutionary Army
U
L
L New Culture A A
A R
R Movement U
U T
ULT emerges P May Fourth CUL
L - C New Youth Movement AL -
A I
I journal C
C Diary of a Madman – O
O established S
S Lu Xun
C
C MI
MI Government secures O
O Reorganisation Loan N
N O
CO from foreign banks EC
E
2 China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE 3
1907 1908 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1921 1923 1924 1925
secTion A TiMeLine cont.
Li Lisan elected to
Shanghai Massacre New communist leadership – Wang Ming,
CCP leadership
Bo Gu, ‘Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks’
Qu Qiubai replaces Chen Jiang elected chairman of
Duxiu as head of CCP Nationalist government of China
Mao replaced by Zhou Enlai as Red

Army’s general political commissar
D
Communist forces
leave Jingganshan
Jiang Jieshi marries E Nationalist Blue Shirts formed
L L
A Soong Meiling A
C C
I I
T Communist base T
LI T LI
O established at Declaration of Manchukuo independence O
P S P
Ruijin, Jiangxi
C
First All-China Congress of
F
Soviets convened
E
O
R
O Futian Incident
R
R
1927MAR 22 APR 12 AUG 1 7 SEP 7 14 ODEC 11 13 31 1928JUNJULOCT 1 1929JAN 14 FEB 10 1930JUL 23 AUG 2 DEC 8 27 1931JAN 8 MAY 16 30 JUL 1 SEP 18 NOV 7 1932JAN 28 FEB 18 MAROCT 12 1933MAROCT 6 1934FEB 19 OCT 16 NOV 25 DEC 3
P
C
Japanese attack
Communist armies
Uprising at UGupEarinsignzgh aotu attempt assaults on Shanghai Fifth Battle of
Y N urban centres (Li Encirclement Xiang River Y
R Nanchang R
A Lisan Line) Manchurian Incident; Japan Campaign A
T T
LI G occupies Manchuria launched LI
MI U Mao’s Autumn MI
Harvest Uprising Long March
Nationalists First Encirclement End of Third Encirclement begins
capture Shanghai A Campaign defeated Campaign
P Fourth Encirclement
Second Encirclement Campaign defeated
Campaign defeated
L L
A A
R R
U U
T T
L L
U ‘Report on the Peasant U
C C
- Movement in Hunan’ – New Life movement -
L L
A Mao Zedong launched A
I I
C C
O O
S S
4 China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE 5
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Li Lisan elected to
Shanghai Massacre New communist leadership – Wang Ming,
CCP leadership
Bo Gu, ‘Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks’
Qu Qiubai replaces Chen Jiang elected chairman of
Duxiu as head of CCP Nationalist government of China
Mao replaced by Zhou Enlai as Red

Army’s general political commissar
D
Communist forces
leave Jingganshan
Jiang Jieshi marries Nationalist Blue Shirts formed E
L L
A Soong Meiling A
C C
I I
T Communist base T
LI T LI
O established at Declaration of Manchukuo independence O
P S P
Ruijin, Jiangxi
C
First All-China Congress of
F
Soviets convened
E
O
R
Futian Incident O
R
R
1927MAR 22 APR 12 AUG 1 7 SEP 7 14 DEC 11 13 31 1928JUNJULOCT 1 1929JAN 14 FEB 10 1930JUL 23 AUG 2 DEC 8 27 1931JAN 8 MAY 16 30 JUL 1 SEP 18 NOVO7 1932JAN 28 FEB 18 MAROCT 12 1933MAROCT 6 1934FEB 19 OCT 16 NOV 25 DEC 3
P
C
Japanese attack
Communist armies
Uprising at UGuparinsignzgh aotu attempt assaults on EShanghai Fifth Battle of
Y urban centres (Li N Encirclement Xiang River Y
R Nanchang R
A Lisan Line) Manchurian Incident; Japan Campaign A
T T
LI occupGies Manchuria launched LI
MI Mao’s Autumn U MI
Harvest Uprising Long March
Nationalists First Encirclement End of Third Encirclement begins
capture Shanghai Campaign defeated CamApaign
P Fourth Encirclement
Second Encirclement Campaign defeated
Campaign defeated
L L
A A
R R
U U
T T
L L
U ‘Report on the Peasant U
C C
- Movement in Hunan’ – New Life movement -
L L
A Mao Zedong launched A
I I
C C
O O
S S
4 China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE 5
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
secTion A TiMeLine cont.
Mao’s power increases after
Dixie Mission
CCP meeting at Zunyi Second United Front formally launched
General Hurley arrives at Yan’an
Nationalists set up
Xi’an Incident government in Chongqing

D Mao flies to Chongqing
Soviet base Wang Jingwei defects for talks with Jiang
at Yan’an to the Japanese
E
L established Jiang resigns presidency and L
A A
C C
flees to Taiwan
I I
T T
LI T Rectification LI
O O
P CaSmpaign P
Mao proclaims People’s
launched
C Republic of China
F
E
O
R
O
R
R
1935JAN 6 8 MAY 30 JULAUGOCT 22 1936DEC 12O25 1937JUL 7 SEP 22 NOV 20 DEC 13 1938DEC 8 1940JAN 15 1941JAN 4 1942FEB 1 1944JULNOV 7 1945AUG 6 14 28 1946JAN 10 MAY 1 JUL 19481949JAN 21 31 JUL 1 OCT 1
P
C US drops
Marco Polo atomic bomb RY
RY EBridge Incident Attack on on Hiroshima TA
LITA Lucdaipntgu Breridd gbey N NAremwy Fourth Japan signs terms of MILI
MI Long March ends
Communists G unconditional
Japanese Second Chinese
U
surrender
capture United Civil War
Long Marchers cross Great
Nanjing Front ends begins L
Snowy MouAntains and General Marshall negotiates RA
L High Grasslands ceasefire between GMD and CCP TU
A L
R U
U P C
CULT PeopRlee’ds LAibrmerya trieo-nn aAmrmedy On the People’s Democratic AL -
- Dictatorship – Mao Zedong CI
L On New Democracy – O
A Chinese Civil War begins S
I Mao Zedong
C
O
S
C
I
C M
I O
M
N
O O
N Inflation skyrockets under C
O E
C Nationalist government
E
6 China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE 7
1935 1936 1937 1938 1940 1941 1942 1944 1945 1946 1948
Mao’s power increases after
Dixie Mission
CCP meeting at Zunyi Second United Front formally launched
General Hurley arrives at Yan’an
Nationalists set up
Xi’an Incident government in Chongqing

Mao flies to Chongqing D
Soviet base Wang Jingwei defects for talks with Jiang
at Yan’an to the Japanese
E
L established Jiang resigns presidency and L
A A
C C
flees to Taiwan
I I
T T
LI Rectification T LI
O O
P Campaign S P
Mao proclaims People’s
launched
C Republic of China
F
E
O
R
O
R
R
1935JAN 6 8 MAY 30 JULAUGOCT 22 1936DEC 12 25 1937JUL 7 SEP 22 NOV 20 DEC 13 1938DEC 8 1940JAN 15 1941JAN 4 1942FEB 1 1944JULNOV 7 1945AUG 6 14 28 1946OJAN 10 MAY 1 JUL 19481949JAN 21 31 JUL 1 OCT 1
P
US drops C
Marco Polo atomic bomb RY
RY Bridge Incident Attack on on Hiroshima E TA
LITA Lucdaipntgu Breridd gbey NAremwy Fourth Japan signs teNrms of MILI
MI Long March ends
Communists unconditional G
Japanese Second Chinese
U
surrender
capture United Civil War
Long Marchers cross Great
Nanjing Front ends begins L
Snowy Mountains and General Marshall neAgotiates A
R
L High Grasslands ceasefire between GMD and CCP TU
A L
R U
U P C
CULT PeopRlee’ds LAibrmerya trieo-nn aAmrmedy On the People’s Democratic AL -
- Dictatorship – Mao Zedong CI
L On New Democracy – O
A Chinese Civil War begins S
I Mao Zedong
C
O
S
C
I
C M
I O
M
N
O O
N Inflation skyrockets under C
O E
C Nationalist government
E
6 China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE China Rising: ThE REVOLUTiOnaRY EXPERiEnCE 7
1935 1936 1937 1938 1940 1941 1942 1944 1945 1946 1948
chapTer
1

D
E
The Middle
T
S
KingdoM
C
F
E
O
R
O
(1793–1912) R
R
O
P
C

E
N
G
U
A
P
inTroducTion
interactive map
In 1793 a delegation from Great Britain’s King George III met with Emperor
Qianlong (Ch’ien-lung) of China, hoping to extend diplomatic ties and ease
restrictions on trade. China’s ‘Son of Heaven’ was not impressed. There was

nothing of value on offer: ‘We possess all things. I set no value on objects strange
or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures.’1 DThe emperor
was presented with, amongst other things, a clock and a telescope. Whilst he had
offered tribute gifts, the head of the British mission, Lord Macartney, had refused
E
to kowtow to the emperor (kneel and put one’s head on the floor). This upset the
Chinese. Qianlong rejected the offerings of these apparent barbarians:
As to your entreaty to send one of your nationalsT to be accredited to my Celestial
Court and to be in control of your country’s trade with China, this request is contrary
S
to all usage of my dynasty … Your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land
or reside here.2 C
Yet the West was determined to encroach on one of the richest laFnds of the East
and gain access to silk, tea, rhubarb, porcelain and other valuables. Blocked from
E
direct access to Chinese markets, Europeans began to smuOggle opium for profit.
4 Cited in Harriet Ward, China
Tensions concerning this unwelcome ‘trade’ led to the Opium Wars of the 1840s
in the Twentieth Century
and 1850s in which ChRina was defeated and forced to grant greater concessions
(Melbourne: Heinemann
Educational, 1990), 4. to foreign nations. External threat, seen as an ‘afOfliction of the limbs,’ came at a
5 Cited in C. P. Fitzgerald and time of ‘disease’ in ‘China’s vitals.’3 Wide-scale peasant rebellion brought great
Myra Roper, China: A World R
unrest to vast regions for years at a time. Internal revolts and defeat by foreign
So Changed (Melbourne:
Thomas Nelson, 1972), 19. powers lowered the prestige of the ImpRerial court. The ways of the Old Regime
6 Gwendda Milston, A Short struggled to deal effectively with such challenges. Reforms were seen as necessary
History of China (North O
by some Chinese, of lesser importance by others. Was China to embrace the
Melbourne: Cassell, 1978),
238. customs and military technoloPgy of the West? Did modernisation warrant a
change in the Confucian
C
ideals that governed
Spoken Languages of China Russian
Chinese social and political
Manchu
E institutions?
N
Kazakh The great and mighty
G Middle Kingdom was
U
Mongol in dire trouble by the
KEY Uighur
1890s. Defeat in wars
Chinese border Korean
Mixed language A with foreign powers and
Mandarin popular unrest had exposed
Cantonese
the institutions of the
Wu
Gan P Mandarin Qing dynasty as outdated
Xiang and inadequate. Guided
Min Tibetan
Wu by Kang Youwei in his
Keija (Hakka) Gan
Kazakh Hundred Days of Reform,
Mongol Xiang Min
Emperor Guangxu issued
Uighur Thai
Tibetan Keija(Hakka) N a range of edicts outlining
Burmese a modernising program,
Thai Burmese which he hoped would
rally his ailing realm. Such
miles0 300 600 Thai
Cantonese reforms, considered far
km0 500 1000
too bold and dangerous by
14 SECTION A: CAuSES Of ThE REvOluTION
cHAPTER 1: THE MiddlE KingdoM (1793-1912)

conservative elements in the Qing court, were later reined in by the reactionary
qing dynasty
dowager empress, Cixi. For the time being China held on to its outmoded podcast
traditions. Changes were eventually forced by the Boxer Rebellion. This vast
peasant rebellion, combined with Qing mismanagement, provoked leading
European nations to impose the harshest and most humiliating treaty yet.
Reforms to bring about essential changes followed, but it was too little, too late.

The Qing were unable to withstand the fatal combination of internal unrest and
D
foreign encroachment. The Manchu regime, China’s last imperial dynasty, was
finally brought down by the ‘Double Tenth’ Revolution of 1911.
E
qing dynasty - timeline
T
1644 British begin
Qing dynasty 1700 impoSrting opium
comes to power 1793 C i(n17to0 0Csh)ina
JUL
F
OCT
Macartney
Mission 1808E
First 1839 OYi He Tuan
Beginning Opium Treaty of (‘Boxers’) secret
1842
of Taiping War R Nanjing society first noted
Rebellion 1850 by Qing officials
JUL
O
1856 Second Prince Gong and
Fall of ‘SSterelfn-gthening’ R 1860 OWpairum dCoixwi aagnedr C eimanp breesgsine s
movement 1861
Nenadnsji nTagi ping (1860s-90s) AUG R rule as regents
Rebellion O 1864
Guangxu
JUL
P ascends
1875 throne
C JUN
1883

Sino-French 1885 Guangxu
E
War N Boxer 1889 assumes
movement MAR full
Revive China gains 1890 responsibilities
Society influence G of emperor
1894
U founded by (1890s)
AUG
Sun Yixian
NOV Outbreak of Sino-
A 1895 Japanese War Treaty of
Shimonoseki
US proposes APR
Beginning
‘open door’ 1898
policy for P of Hundred JUN
Days of
trade and
Reform SEP
territory in
China 1899 House arrest of
Boxers begin Guangxu by order
SEP
attacking of Cixi
Qing government 1900 Christian Beginning
of New
declares war on JUN missionaries
Government
Reform of Imperial foreign powers
1901 era
education system
APR
begins
AUG
Boxer
SEP Protocol
Sun Yixian forms
1905 signed
Tongmenghui in Japan
JUL
China Rising: the ReVOLUtiOnaRY eXPeRienCe 15