Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming PDF
Preview Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming
Ibrahim Dincer · Can Ozgur Colpan Fethi Kadioglu E ditors Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming Ibrahim Dincer Can Ozgur Colpan Fethi Kadioglu Editors Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming Editors IbrahimDincer CanOzgurColpan FacultyofEngineering MakinaMuhendisligiBolumu andAppliedScience DokuzEylulUniversity UniversityofOntario Buca,Izmir,Turkey InstituteofTechnology Oshawa,ON,Canada FethiKadioglu FacultyofCivilEngineering IstanbulTechnicalUniversity Maslak,Istanbul,Turkey ISBN978-1-4614-7587-3 ISBN978-1-4614-7588-0(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-7588-0 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013948669 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface GlobalwarmingisconsideredanaverageincreaseintheEarth’stemperaturedueto greenhouse effect as a result of both natural and human activities. In common usage, “global warming” often refers to the warming that can occur as a result of increasedemissionsofgreenhousegasesfromhumanactivities,e.g.,carbondiox- ide, methane, water vapor, and fluorinated gases, which act like a greenhouse around the earth, trapping the heat from the sun into the earth’s atmosphere and increasingtheEarth’stemperature. Catastrophic events around the world have brought a desperate picture to the forefront! The Global Conference on Global Warming 2012 (GCGW-12) brought all disciplines together for local and global solutions to combat global warming. This conference is a multidisciplinary global conference on global warming (and climate change), not only in engineering and science but also in all other disciplines (e.g., ecology, education, social sciences, economics, management, political sciences, and information technology). It covers a broad range of topics on energy and environment policies, energy resources, energy conversion technologies, energy management and conservation, energy security, renewables, green technologies, emission reduction and abatement, carbon tax, sustainable development,pollutioncontrolandmeasures,policydevelopment,etc.Intensifying global environmental problems require internationally coordinated responses, which must balance the goals of energy security, environmental protection, and economic growth. The adoption of a comprehensive approach to energy and environment issues and the integration of energy and environment policies have become central activities of several countries. National and global solutions to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions have implications for energy security,energytrade,economicgrowth,etc.Theissuethatglobalclimatechange poses for energy policymakers is the focus of continuing international debate. Forexample,despitethepolicymeasurestakentodate,unlesstherapidestablish- ment and implementation of further effective policies and programs to reduce emissions are conducted, greenhouse gas emissions would continue increasing unlesstherightcureisunderway.Ofcourse,thisrequiresthefullrangeofpossible areasforactionandpolicyinstruments. v vi Preface Thisbookisauniquecollectionof62selectedpapersoutofthepaperspresented intheGCGW-12inIstanbul,Turkey,onJuly8–12,2012,tocoverawidevariety oftopicsonthecauses,impacts,andsolutionstoglobalwarming.Thereisadiverse coverage of global warming in this book from climate change modeling to forecastingweatherevents,fromsustainableenergytechnologiesandresourcesto wastemanagement,andmanymoretoserveasasustainablesourceofknowledge andinformationforresearchers,scientists,engineers,practitioners,etc. As mentioned above, global warming is one of the major concerns of the human beings in this century. A significant part of global warming comes from the human activities, such as consuming fossil energy sources, e.g., oil, coal, and naturalgas. Inthesolutionofglobalwarming,engineeringapproachesplayakey role.Theseapproachesarelinkedtomanyareasincludingenergyandenvironment policies, energy conversion technologies, energy management and conservation, energy saving, energy security, renewable and sustainable energy technologies, emission reduction, sustainable development, pollution control and measures, policy development, global energy stability and sustainability, carbon tax, and waste management. Innovative engineering solutions are needed to reduce the effects of global warming and also to obtain better efficiency, better cost- effectiveness, better use of energy and resources, better energy security, better environment,andbettersustainability.Inthisbook,severalengineeringapproaches and potential solutions from renewables to hydrogen, including data analysis, modeling, simulation, assessment, optimization studies, that reduce the effects of global warming are discussed in detail. Incorporated through this book are many wide-rangingpracticalexamples,casestudies,andpolicyandstrategydevelopment which provide useful information for practical applications. Complete references areincludedwitheachchaptertodirectthecuriousandinterestedreadertofurther information. We hope this edited book provides a unique source of potential solutions forcombatingglobalwarmingtobemorewidelyappliedandthebenefits ofsuch efforts more broadly derived, so that the future can be made more efficient, clean, and sustainable. We sincerely appreciate the help and assistance provided by various individuals who deserve a clear acknowledgement. Dr. Dincer acknowledgesthesupportprovidedbytheTurkishAcademyofSciences. Oshawa,ON,Canada IbrahimDincer Buca,Izmir,Turkey CanOzgurColpan Maslak,Istanbul,Turkey FethiKadioglu Contents PartI CausesandImpacts 1 VegetationatNorthernHighLatitudes UnderGlobalWarming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 KariTaulavuori 2 ExceptionallyHotSummersMonthsinCentral andEasternEuropeDuringtheYears1951–2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 RobertTwardoszandUrszulaKossowska-Cezak 3 SpatialCorrelationsandDistributionsofHeating andCoolingDegree-DayNormalsinTurkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 IlhamiYildiz,JinYue,TriNguyen-Quang,JoshuaLowrey, andAsenaCansuYildiz 4 UseofEmpiricalRegressionandArtificialNeural NetworkModelsforEstimationofGlobalSolar RadiationinDubai,UAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 HassanA.N.Hejase,AliH.Assi,andMaithaH.AlShamisi 5 TurkishWaterFoundationClimateChangeDownscaling ModelPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 ZekaˆiS¸enandAhmetO¨ztopal 6 ClimateChangeExpectationsintheNextHalf CenturyofTurkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 SevincSirdas,ZekaˆiS¸en,andAhmetO¨ztopal 7 EnvironmentalPollutionbyOrganicContaminants astheContributorsoftheGlobalWarming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 JelenaRadonic´,MajaTurk-Sekulic´, andMirjanaVojinovic´-Miloradov vii viii Contents 8 AssessmentofVulnerabilitytoClimateChange UsingIndicators:MethodologicalChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 FahimN.TonmoyandAbbasEl-Zein 9 InvestigatingtheClimateChangeImpactsontheWater ResourcesoftheKonyaClosedBasinArea(Turkey) UsingSatelliteRemoteSensingData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 SemihEkercin,ElifSertel,FilizDadaser-Celik, andSavasDurduran 10 TrendAnalysisofRainfallinNorthCyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 RahmeSeyhunandBertug˘ Akıntug˘ 11 ForecastingTropicalStormsintheEasternRegion oftheUnitedArabEmirates:LessonsLearntfromGonu. . . . . . 183 SaifA.Ahmed,MohammadbinJarsh,SaoudAl-Abdooli, MohamedK.Al-Radhi,andAbdullaGaladari 12 FutureChallengesinUrbanDrainageSystems UnderGlobalWarming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 MawadaAbdellatif,WilliamAtherton,andRafidAlkhaddar 13 PreliminaryAnalysisonPhenologicalDataofPlants inanUrbanEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 LucianoMassetti 14 ImpactsofClimateChangeonCerealProduction intheSetifHighPlains(North-EastofAlgeria). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 MohamedFenni 15 EnvironmentalImpactofSoilMicroorganisms onGlobalChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 MohammadaliKhalvatiandIbrahimDincer 16 EnvironmentalConsciousnessofLocalPeople ofYakutiaUnderGlobalClimateChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 YuryI.Zhegusov,StanislavM.Ksenofontov, TrofimCh.Maximov,AtsukoSugimoto,andGoIwahana 17 EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentofExplosive Volcanoes:ACaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 F.Aydın,A.Midilli,andI.Dincer 18 ProbabilisticHealthRiskAssessmentofPCDD/Fs inVegetableFoodsatHighlyPollutedAreainTurkey. . . . . . . . . 291 SedaAslanKilavuz,ErtanDurmusoglu,andAykanKarademir Contents ix 19 SeleniumAdsorptiononActivatedCarbon byUsingRadiotracerTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 A.BerilTugrul,SevilayHaciyakupoglu,SemaAkyılErenturk, NilgunKaratepe,A.FilizBaytas,NesrinAltinsoy, NilgunBaydogan,BulentBuyuk,andErtugrulDemir 20 TeachingtheCarbonCycleUsingIBL intheSecondarySchools. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 323 FrancescaUgoliniandLucianoMassetti 21 BTEXintheExhaustEmissionsofMotorVehicles. .. . . . . . . . .. 333 DraganAdamovic´,JovanDoric´,andMirjanaVojinovic´-Miloradov 22 ConstructionCriteriafortheSustainableEcosystem. . . . . . . . . . 343 NecatOzgur PartII PotentialSolutions 23 AnApproachtoAssessmentofSustainability ofEnergySystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 KevorkHacatoglu,MarcA.Rosen,andIbrahimDincer 24 ComparativeEnvironmentalImpactandSustainability AssessmentsofHydrogenandCoolingProductionSystems. . . . . 389 TahirA.H.Ratlamwala,IbrahimDincer, andMohamedA.Gadalla 25 IntegrationofCu–ClCycleofHydrogenProduction withNuclearandRenewableEnergySystems forBetterEnvironment. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 409 SeyedaliAghahosseini,IbrahimDincer,andGregF.Naterer 26 ComparativeEnvironmentalImpactAssessment ofNuclear-BasedHydrogenProductionviaMg–Cl andCu–ClThermochemicalWaterSplittingCycles. . . . . . . . . . . 433 AhmetOzbilen,IbrahimDincer,andMarcA.Rosen 27 LargeScalePhoto-reactorsforEnvironmentallyBenign SolarHydrogenProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 EhsanBaniasadi,IbrahimDincer,andGregF.Naterer 28 ComparativeEnvironmentalImpactEvaluation ofHydrogenProductionMethodsfromRenewable andNonrenewableSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 CananAcarandIbrahimDincer 29 CurrentStatusofFabricationofSolidOxideFuelCells forEmission-FreeEnergyConversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 AyhanSarikaya,AligulBuyukaksoy,andFatihDogan
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