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Categories We Live By : The Construction of Sex, Gender, Race, and Other Social Categories PDF

161 Pages·2018·1.14 MB·English
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Categories We Live By Studies in Feminist Philosophy is designed to showcase cutting-e dge monographs and collections that display the full range of feminist approaches to philosophy, that push feminist thought in important new directions, and that display the outstanding quality of feminist philosophical thought. STUDIES IN FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY Linda Alcoff, Hunter College and the CUNY Serene Khader, Brooklyn College and CUNY Graduate Center Graduate Center Elizabeth Barnes, University of Virginia Helen Longino, Stanford University Lorraine Code, York University, Toronto Catriona Mackenzie, Macquarie University Penelope Deutscher, Northwestern University Mari Mikkola, Humboldt University, Berlin Ann Garry, California State University, Los Angeles Sally Scholz, Villanova University Sally Haslanger, Massachusetts Institute of Laurie Shrage, Florida International University Technology Lisa Tessman, Binghamton University Alison Jaggar, University of Colorado, Boulder Nancy Tuana, Pennsylvania State University Published in the Series: Setting the Moral Compass: Essays by Women Minimizing Marriage: Marriage, Morality, and the Law Philosophers Elizabeth Brake Cheshire Calhoun Out from the Shadows: Analytic Feminist Contributions Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self to Traditional Philosophy Linda Martín Alcoff Edited by Sharon L. Crasnow and Women and Citizenship Anita M. Superson Edited by Marilyn Friedman The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Women’s Liberation and the Sublime: Feminism, Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Postmodernism, Environment Imaginations Bonnie Mann José Medina Analyzing Oppression Simone de Beauvoir and the Politics of Ambiguity Ann E. Cudd Sonia Kruks Ecological Thinking: The Politics of Epistemic Identities and Freedom: Feminist Theory Between Location Power and Connection Lorraine Code Allison Weir Self Transformations: Foucault, Ethics, and Vulnerability: New Essays in Ethics and Feminist Normalized Bodies Philosophy Cressida J. Heyes Edited by Catriona Mackenzie, Wendy Rogers, and Susan Dodds Family Bonds: Genealogies of Race and Gender Sovereign Masculinity: Gender Lessons from the War on Terror Ellen K. Feder Bonnie Mann Moral Understandings: A Feminist Study in Ethics, Second Edition Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender Margaret Urban Walker Edited by Andrea Veltman and Mark Piper The Moral Skeptic Our Faithfulness to the Past: Essays on the Ethics and Politics of Memory Anita M. Superson Sue Campbell “You’ve Changed”: Sex Reassignment and Personal Edited by Christine M. Koggel and Rockney Jacobsen Identity Edited by Laurie J. Shrage The Physiology of Sexist and Racist Oppression Shannon Sullivan Dancing with Iris: The Philosophy of Iris Marion Young Disorientation and Moral Life Edited by Ann Ferguson and Mechthild Nagel Ami Harbin Philosophy of Science after Feminism The Wrong of Injustice: Dehumanization and Its Role in Feminist Philosophy Janet A. Kourany Mari Mikkola Shifting Ground: Knowledge and Reality, Transgression and Trustworthiness Beyond Speech: Pornography and Analytic Feminist Philosophy Naomi Scheman Mari Mikkola The Metaphysics of Gender Equal Citizenship and Public Reason: A Feminist Charlotte Witt Political Liberalism Unpopular Privacy: What Must We Hide? Christie Hartley and Lori Watson Anita L. Allen Categories We Live By: The Construction of Sex, Adaptive Preferences and Women’s Empowerment Gender, Race, and Other Social Categories Serene Khader Ásta C ategories We Live By The Construction of Sex, Gender, Race, and Other Social Categories Ásta 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sveinsdóttir, Ásta, author. Title: Categories we live by : the construction of sex, gender, race, and other social categories / Ásta. Description: New York, NY, United States of America : Oxford University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017059872 (print) | LCCN 2018020333 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190256821 (online course) | ISBN 9780190256814 (updf) | ISBN 9780190256807 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780190256791 (cloth : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Group identity. | Population. Classification: LCC HM753 (ebook) | LCC HM753.S94 2018 (print) | DDC 305—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059872 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America Handa Dore, Þóru yngri, Þóru eldri, Sveini, og Sally CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Permissions xi Introduction: Social Categories 1 CHAPTER 1 The Conferralist Framework 7 CHAPTER 2 Social Construction as Social Significance 34 CHAPTER 3 Sex and Gender: From Beauvoir to Butler 54 CHAPTER 4 Conferralism about Sex and Gender 70 CHAPTER 5 Conferralism about Other Social Categories 93 CHAPTER 6 Identity as Social Location 114 Conclusion— Categories We Live By: Systematicity and Oppression 127 Bibliography 129 Index 135 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ia m indebted to many people for feedback, support, and conversations re- lated to material in this book. I would like to thank Linda Alcoff, Elizabeth Barnes, Erin Beeghly, Aaron Bentley, Talia Bettcher, the late Kalman Bland, Garrett Bredeson, Sylvain Bromberger, Åsa Burman, Alex Byrne, Cheshire Calhoun, Rachel Cooper, Ann Cudd, Robin Dembroff, Esa Díaz-L eón, Andy Egan, Jeanna Eichenbaum, the late Iris Einheuser, Brian Epstein, Matthew Eshleman, Eyja Margrét Brynjarsdóttir, Barbara Fultner, Ann Garry, Nathaniel Goldberg, Rebecca Groves, Carol Gould, Kim Q. Hall, Kristin Hanson, Haraldur Ólafsson, Elizabeth Harman, Dana Harvey, Kattis Honkanen, Jennifer Hudin, Andrew Janiak, Ada Jaarsma, Marija Jankovic, Katharine Jenkins, Stephanie Kapusta, Abigail Klassen, Beatrice Kobow, Colin Koopman, Rae Langton, Francesca Lattanzi, Hilde Lindemann, Jamie Lindsay, Kirk Ludwig, Rebecca Mason, Mary Kate McGowen, Sarah McGrath, Fiona Macpherson, Katalin Makkai, Ishani Maitra, Ron Mallon, Kate Marshall, Jennifer McKitrick, Mari Mikkola, Uma Narayan, Ian Newman, Olga Bergmann, Jeffrey Paris, Caroline Perry, Elizabeth Potter, Lucy Randall, Agustín Rayo, Katherine Ritchie, Joshua Rivkin, Adina Roskies, Abraham Roth, Dennis Rothermel, Jocelyn Saidenberg, Cat Saint- Croix, David Sanford, Marya Schechtman, Michael Schmitz, John Searle, Paul Sherwin, Laurie Shrage, Anita Silvers, Walter Sinnott-A rmstrong, Sigríður Þorgeirsdóttir, Rebecca Solnit, Alice Sowaal, Natalie Stoljar, Abraham Stone, Robert Stalnaker, Christopher Sturr, Sveinn Einarsson, Jacqueline Taylor, Brian Thomas, Amie Thomasson, Bas van Fraassen, Marga Vega, Blakey Vermeule, Catherine Wearing, Ralph Wedgwood,

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