Entwined ry of Light and Mind "A small gem of a book” — James Gleick, The Washington Post CATC HING THE L ight The Entwined History of Light and Mind Arthur Zajonc OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bombay Calcutta Cape Town Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1993 by Arthur Zajonc First published in 1993 by Bantam Books, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10103 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1995 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press AU rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retneval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zajonc, Arthur. Catching the light: the entwined history of light and mind I Arthur Zajonc. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-509575-3 (Pbk.) 1. Light—History. 2. Light—Philosophy. I. Title. QC352.Z35 1993 535'.09—dc20 92-20204 Printed in the United States of America For my wife, Heide Contents Chapter 1 Entwined Lights: The Lights of Nature and of Mind 1 Chapter 2 The Gift of Light 10 Chapter 3 Light Divided: Divine Light and Optical Science 38 Chapter 4 The Anatomy of Light 58 Chapter 5 The Singing Flame: Light as Ethereal Wave 97 Chapter 6 Radiant Fields: Seeing by the Light of Electricity 124 vii Contents Chapter 7 Door of the Rainbow 161 Chapter 8 Seeing Light—Ensouling Science: Goethe and Steiner 188 Chapter 9 Quantum Theory by Candlelight 225 Chapter 10 Of Relativity and the Beautiful 253 Chapter 11 Least Light: A Contemporary View 292 Chapter 12 Seeing Light 330 Notes 345 Acknowledgments 371 Index 373 viii I’ll tell you how the sun rose a ribbon at a time. Emily Dickinson. I am the one who openeth his eyes, and there is light; When his eyes close, darkness falleth. the Egyptian god Ra, 1300 B.C. If the light rises in the Sky of the heart... and, in the utterly pure inner man attains the brightness of the sun or of many suns... then his heart is nothing but light, his subtle body is light, his material covering is light, his hearing, his sight, his hand, his exterior, his interior, are nothing but light. Najm Razi, 1256 All the fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no closer to the answer to the question, “What are light quanta?” Of course today every rascal thinks he knows the answer, but he is deluding himself. Albert Einstein, 1951