Catching of spiders in shallow subterranean habitats in the Czech Republic

2016·4 MB·English

by  Vlastimil Ruzicka

Arachnologische Mitteilungen /Arachnology Letters 51:43-48 Karlsruhe, April 2016
Catching ofspiders in shallow subterranean habitats in the Czech Republic
Vlastimil Rüzicka &Jan Dolansky
doi: 10.5431/aramit5106
Abstract.Spidersoccurring in soilsandfissured rockswereinvestigated using pipetraps. Fourmicrophthalmicspecies,namelyHahnia
microphthalma,Porrhommaegeria,P.micropsandP.cambridgeiwerecollected.HahniamicrophthalmaisreportedfromtheCzech Repu-
blicforthefirsttime.Theimportanceofcollectingmaterialbycomplexpipetraps(consistingofaperforatedpipeandasetofremovable
cups) to record the depth distribution ofspiders in subterranean habitats is stressed.The importance ofthe soil and fissure network
formed bysandymarlitebedrockandofalluvial soilsforthelifeofsubterranean spidersisdocumented.
Keywords:alluvialsoil, microphthalmy,pipetraps,sandymarlite,troglomorphism
Forhumans,caves are more accessible tlian other subterrane- nylon cord. The pipes are installed vertically into holes in a
an habitats. Much ofwhatwe know about subterranean bio- suitableterrain.Thiskindoftrap is amodificationofasimilar
logycomes from the study ofcaves, partlybecause of the ad- pipe used by Gers (1992). Barranco et al. (2013), Ortuno et
venture and excitement ofvisiting andexploringcaves,which al. (2013) andJimenez-Valverde et al. (2015) used such traps
are certainly more exciting than visiting, for example, talus to investigate invertebrates in stony slopes and river deposits
slopes (Culver&cPipan2009).Terrestrial shallowsubterrane- in Continental Spain; Nitzu et al. (2014) used a similar trap
anhabitats are formedinsoil,rockmantle formed inbare and in Romania.
&
forest scree, slope and alluvial Sediments and in fissured rock Schlick-Steiner Steiner (2000) constructed atrap con-
& A
and cave entrances (Culver Pipan 2014). depth of about sistingofaperforatedpipe andasetofremovableplasticcups
m
10 represents the naturalborderbetween shallowand deep situated on a central-thread metalaxis.Through this arrange-
subterraneanhabitats (Novaketal.2012,Rüzickaetal.2013). ment,thecupscollectanimalsenteringthetubethroughholes
Our knowledge concerninginvertebrates thatlive onlysever- at particular depths. Using these complex pipe traps (with a
al metres under the surface isverylimited. length of95 cm), Laska et al. (2011) studied the distribution
Many subterranean invertebrates display similar mor- of spiders in soil profiles and Rendos et al. (2012) studied
phologies that have evolved convergently under similar se- the distributionofinvertebrates inlimestone scree slopes.The
lective pressures imposed by the subterranean environment. designofPerforationvaries from ahorizontalline ofholes,to
Subterranean spiders show typical morphological changes a networkof holes up to horizontal cuttings accompanied by
known as troglomorphisms: depigmentation, microphthalmy holes (Fig. la-c).The aimofthis present studywas totestthe
&
and lengthening of the legs (Culver Pipan 2009). performance of pipe traps in soils and crevice Systems.
Arachnological research into shallow subterranean habi-
tats has alongtraditionin the Czech Republic.Independent-
&
lyofJuberthie Delay (1981), Rüzicka (1982) started to in-
vestigate invertebrates livingin talus slopes usingboard traps.
Numerous surprising Undings have been reported since, in-
cluding five taxa newto Science,and twelve species ofarthro-
&
pods new to the Czech Republic (Rüzicka Klirnes 2005).
Wubanoides uralensis (Pakhorukov, 1981) (respectively Wuba-
noidesuralensislithodytesSchikora,2004),wasrecordedforthe
first time in Europe and several troglomorphic populations/
taxa have been described (Rüzicka 1988a, 1998, 2011). His
researchhasdocumented thatfreezingtalus slopesrepresenta
classicexampleofapalaeorefugiumthatsignificantlycontrib-
utes to the protection and maintenance of regional landscape
biodiversity (Rüzicka et al.2012).
&
The main component oftraps used by Lopez Oromi
(2010) for catching invertebrates in shallow subterranean
habitats on the Canary Islands is a 75 cm long plastic pipe
with an inner diameterof11 cm.Manysmall holes (5-7 mm Fig.1:DesignofPerforation;a.Schlick-Steiner&Steiner(2000);b.Lopez&
Oromi(2010);c.Laskaetal.(2011);d.ourdesignandasetofcups
in diameter) are drilled along its surface, and a bottle con-
taining preservation fluid (and bait) is lowered inside on a
Material andmethods
Thiscontributionwaspresentedatthe29thEuropeanCongressof
Arachnology,Brno,2015August24-28. Sampling. Six pipe traps (one per site) were deployed from
VlastimilRÜZICKA,InstituteofEntomology,BiologyCentre,CzechAcademyof 2013 to2015,andwere emptiedtwice ayear.Theplasticpipes
Sciences,Branisovskä31,37005CeskeBudejovice,CzechRepublic; haveaninnerdiameterof7cm,and areperforatedwith aSys-
JE-amnaiDlO:LvArNuSz@KeYn,tuT.hceasE.acsztBohemianMuseuminPardubice,Zämek2, temofobliquecuts 5 mmwide (Fig. ld).Thisdesignhasbeen
53002Pardubice,CzechRepublic;E-mail:[email protected] registered at the Czech Industrial Property Office under No.
submitted31.10.2015,accepted21.12.2015,online12.2.2016 36420. Plastic cupswere mounted onto a metal-thread rod at
44 V.Ruzicka&J.Dolansky
Porrhomma microps Porrhomma cambridgei Porrhomma egeria Hahnia microphthalma
j
1 square = 1 spider specimen
Fig.2:Studysiteswithterrainprofileandthedepth-dependentoccurrenceofmicrophthalmicspecies;a.siteSM-1,uppermarginofasandymarliteslope;
b.siteSM-2,lowermarginofasandymarliteslope;c.siteSM-3,sandymarlitetablehill;d.siteAS-1,lowlandforest;e.siteAS-2,lowlandforest;f.siteAS-3,
lowlandforest
10 cm distances and contained amixture of 7%formalin and Studysites.Traps were installed in sandy (arenaceous) marl-
5 % glycerol, plus a few drops ofdetergent (Rüzicka 1988b). ite (SM) terrains,and in alluvial soils inlowland forests (AS)
In the final Version, we used plastic or brass components to (Figs2a-f).
avoid damage to material caused by rust. We installed the- SM-1. Jenisovice-Mravin (49.9446°N, 16.0522°E, 335 m
se traps in excavated trenches in sandy marlite terrains, or in a.s.l.). On the upper margin of a sandy marlite slope at
boreholes (15 cm in diameter) in lowland forests,the deepest the border between a deciduous forest and a lucerne field:
reaching 160 cm belowthe surface.The free space around the 0-60 cm stony soil, 60-100 cm fissured rock (Fig. 2a). The
trapwas filled byexcavated material or- in the case ofbore- pipewith ten cups at adepth of10-100 cm operated from25
holes-byamixtureofexcavatedmaterialandartificialrubble October 2013 to 29 September 2015.The spider assemblage
(Keramzit) or starch-based packingpeanuts. ofadjacentopen habitatswas studiedbyDolansky(2002).
)
Subterraneanspiders 45
SM-2. The same locality as SM-1, 50 m apart (49.9445'N, Tab. 1:The species assemblage at SM-1.The number of males, females
16.0516°E,315 m a.s.l.)>atthe lowermargin ofa sandymar- asnhdowjnuv.eTnhielessp(e<c?i3e/9s9c/jounvs.i[difedreetdermmiicnraobplhet]h)aalnmdicthaeredsephtohwnräinngbeol(idn.cm)are
lite slope covered by deciduous forest (Fig. 2b). The whole
Species dd/99/juv. Depthränge
profilestudiedconsistedofaclaysoil.Thepipewithninecups
Lepthyphantesleprosus 0/1 10
at a depth of40-120 cm operated from 25 October 2013 to
Panamomopsmengei 1/0 10
29 September2015.
SM-3. Kounov (50.2320'N, 13.6899’E,m515 m a.s.l.).Mixed HTiesntuoippohnanatteosrfpliadvaipes 60//14 1100--2400
forest on a sandy marlite table hill, 15 from a quarrywall: Phrurolithusfestivus 1/1 10-40
0-70 cm stony soil, 70-140 cm fissured rock (Fig. 2c). The Amaurobiusjugorum 1/2/3 10-70
pipe with 14 cups at a depth of10-140 cm operated from 1 Cicurinacicur 31/22/6 10-70
November2013 to 25 September2015. Harpactearubicunda 12/27 10-80
m
AS-1. Lednice (48.7867°N, 16.8448°E, 170 a.s.l.). Lowland Agroecacuprea 1/0 20
forest with rieh herb and shrub Vegetation (Fig. 2d): 0-90 cm Diplostylaconcolor 4/4 20-30
clay soil. Fluctuating water table.The pipe with nine cups at a Micrargusherbigradus 2/2 20-30
depthof 10-90cmoperatedfrom29June2014to 17May2015. Coelotesterrestris 1/1 20-40
AS-2. Znojmo (48.8466°N, 16.1033 E, 220 m a.s.l.). Low- Liocranum rupicola 1/0 30
land forest with rieh herb and shrub Vegetation (Fig. 2e): Ozyptilapraticola 0/1 30
0-70 cm sandy soil. The pipe with seven cups at a depth of Harpactealepida 1/0 40
10-70 cm operated from 20 August 2014 to 11 May2015. Walckenaerianudipalpis 0/1 40
AS-3. Pardubice (50.0458°N, 15.7727°E,220 m a.s.l.). Low- Mioxenablanda 3/1 40-60
land forest with rieh herb and shrub Vegetation (Fig. 2f): Syedramyrmicarum 0/2 50-80
0-60 cm alluvial soil,60-160 cm sand.The pipewith 16 cups Porrhommamicrops 5/4 70-100
at a depth of 10-160 cm operated from 15 May 2014 to 23 Mastigusaarietina 0/1 90
September2015.
Tab.2:ThespeciesassemblageatsiteSM-2
Resultsanddiscussion Species 38/99/]uv. Depthränge
Spiders Clubionaterrestris 1/0 40
In total, we captured 335 spider specimens belonging to 32 Coelotesterrestris 1/0 40
species (Appendix): 155 spidersbelongingto20 species atsite Histoponatorpida 0/1 40
SM-1 (Tab. 1),44 belonging to 10 species at site SM-2 (Tab. Micrargusherbigradus 6/3 40-70
2), 118 belongingto 12 species at site SM-3 (Tab.3),7belon- Cicurinacicur 6/3/11 40-110
Porrhommamicrops 0/1 50
ging to 3 species atsite AS-1 (Tab.4), 11 belonging to 3 spe-
Hahniamicrophthalma 0/2 50-70
cies at site AS-2 (Tab. 5) and 7 belonging to 3 species at site
Amaurobiusjugorum 0/1 80
AS-3 (Tab. 6). Spiderswere recorded down to a depth of120
Porrhommacambridgei 4/3 80-120
cm. Gicurinacicurwas the mostabundantspecies. Species that
Linyphiahortensis 0/1 110
were clearlytied to surface habitats t.g.,Agroeca cuprea were
(
usually recorded only a few tens of centimetres deep. Some
Tab.3:ThespeciesassemblageatsiteSM-3
individual records can be considered as accidental,e.g.the re-
Species Bd/99/juv. Depthränge
cord ofLinyphiahortensisatadepth of110 cm,due to the fact
& Coelotesterrestris 1/0 10
that it is a typical shrub layer inhabitant (Buchar Rüzicka
Diplostylaconcolor 1/5 10
2002). Cicurina cicur Mioxena blanda Palliduphantespallidus
, , , Inermocoelotesinermis 1/0 10
P. alutacius and Syedra myrmicarum were depigmented with
Nusoncusnasutus 0/1 10
fully developed eyes. Four species were depigmentedwith re-
Harpactealepida 1/2/3 10-40
duced eyes and were clearly adapted to life in subterranean Micronetaviaria 0/2 10-50
habitats.These speciesrepresentobjects ofour specialinterest. Palliduphantespallidus 3/3 10-100
Cicurinacicur 40/24/16 10-140
Hahniamicrophthalma
Harpacteahombergi 0/0/1 20
Material: Jenisovice-Mravfn (SM-2), 25 October 2013-18
Centromerussellarius 0/1 30
Aisprrielpo2r0te1d4f1o9r;t2h8e Afiprrstilt-i2m9e fSreopmtetmhbeeCrZ20E15C,Hl9R.EThPiUsBsLpeIcCie.s Porrhommaegeria 1/8/3 70-140
Posterior median eyes reduced (Fig. 3a). Szita et al. (1998) Tab.4:ThespeciesassemblageatsiteAS-1
&
and Hänggi Stäubli (2012) found various stages ofeye re- Species 33/99/juv. Depthränge
duction in theirmaterial,and also differences in the form ofthe Robertuslividus 0/1 10
translucentcopulatoryducts.Thepictureofthecopulatoryducts Palliduphantesalutacius 0/1 10
ofthe epigyne ofourspecimensis in agreementwiththatofthe Porrhommacambridgei 3/1/1 30-80
&
type specimen (Fig.3b; cf. Snazell Duffey 1980: Fig. 3).
Snazell &Duffey (1980) described the species according Tab.5:ThespeciesassemblageatsiteAS-2
&
to two records from Great Britain. Hänggi Stäubli (2012) Species S8/99/]\iv. Depthränge
summarized other records: three in Germany, one in Swit- Cicurinacicur 4/1/1 10
zerland,and one in Hungary(Fig.4).British specimenswere Palliduphantesalutacius 0/2 20
collectedinchalkgrasslandandinaffeldwithaclaysoilover- Porrhommamicrops 1/1/1 40-50
1
46 V.Rüzicka&J.Dolansky
Tab.6:ThespeciesassemblageatsiteAS-3 Porrhomma egeria inhabits caves and scree slopes, it also
Species dd/99 Depthränge occursin mountainspruceforestsandsubalpinezone (Buchar
&
Palliduphantesalutacius 2/2 20 Rüzicka 2002). It is fairly widespread in north-western,
Syedramyrmicarum 1/1 20 central and northern Europe (Nentwiget al.2015).Its abun-
Porrhommacambridgei 0/1 120 dantoccurrence in creviced rockis recorded for the firsttime.
Porrhommamicrops
lying chalk. Records in Germanywere situated on sandstone Material: Jenisovice-Mravin (SM-1), 21 November 2014-
and limestone bedrock (Sührig et al. 1998). The Hungarian 28 April 2015, 29; 28 April-29 September 2015, 5d 29.
localitywas situatedin anold field onloess (Szitaetal. 1998). Jenisovice-Mravin (SM-2), 13 August-21 November 2014,
All previous specimens were collected on the surface by 19. Znojmo (AS-2),20 August 2014-11 May2015, ld 19 lj.
&
pitfalltraps,photoeclectors orbysweeping. Snazell Duffey Porrhomma microps is widespread in Continental Europe
(1980) conclude that some of the characteristics ofthe Spi- (Nentwig et al. 2015). It inhabits leaf litter in floodplain for-
dersuggest a subterranean habitat.We documentforthe first ests and was also recorded in caves, not deeper than 10 m. It
time that H. microphthalma inhabits the soil at a depth of was also recorded in the soil on a sandy marlite at a depth of
about 50-70 cm. 55-135 cm by Laska et al. (2011), and in lowland forest at
a depth of5-45 cm by Rüzicka et al. (2011). The specimen
PorrhommaCambridge! reportedbyRüzicka etal. (2013,Fig.6) from a depthof80 m
Material: Jenisovice-Mravin (SM-2), 18 April-13 August was misidentified andis actuallyP.profundumM. Dahl, 1939.
2014, \6 19; 21 November 2014-28 April 2015, 26\ 28 Ap-
ril-29 September 2015, \6 2?. Lednice (AS-1), 29 June-5 Habitats
November 2014, 16 lj.; 5 November 2014-17 May 2015, 26 Sandymarlite.In a clay soil at site SM-2,we captured three
1$. Pardubice (AS-3),28 April-23 September 2015, 1$. microphthalmic species together: Porrhomma microps Hahnia
,
Pickard-Cambridge (1871) noted that the species microphthalma and P cambridgei (Tab. 2). We captured P.
“Linyphia? oblonga" is characterized by “eyes very small”. egeria in alayeroffissured rockat site SM-3 (Tab.3).
&
Basedonthevulvastructure,Millidge Locket(1952) syno- Porrhomma microcavense Wunderlich, 1990 was reported
nymized this microphthalmic form with Porrhomma oblitum from a sandstone landscape for the first time in the Czech
&
(O. P.-Cambridge, 1871). Finally, Merrett (1994) removed it Republic (Buchar Rüzicka2002).However,indetail,itwas
fromsynonymywith P.oblitum and revalidateditas aseparate recorded above a sandy marlite layer. Furthermore slightly
species PcambridgeiMerrett, 1994. It is clearlycharacterized microphthalmic specimens of Oreonetides quadridentatus
by femora I and II without dorsal spines, a cephalothorax (Wunderlich, 1972) were captured by Laska et al. (2011; sub
width < 0.58 mm,andreducedeyes.Ithasbeenrecordedfrom Maro sp.) at a depth of45 and 65 cm in clay soil on sandy
Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, northern Italy and the marlite bedrock,togetherwith Porrhomma microps.
Czech Republic (Thaler et al.2003). Alluvial soils. We collected P. cambridgei and P. microps in
We and Rüzicka et al. (2011, sub. P aff. myops) captured alluvialsoil/sandinthree differentlocalitiesinlowlandforests
this species in sandy marlite terrain and in alluvial soils at a near a river. In the same habitat, Rüzicka et al. (2011) collec-
depth of35-120 cm.Thaler et al. (2003) collected this species ted these two species together.Togetherwith H. microphthal-
on tree barkin the Bohemian Karst andwe also obtained sev- ma,these two species can be considered soil spiders.
eralspecimensfrom conglomerateterrain andfromkarstcaves.
Concludingremarks
Porrhommaegeria The importance ofshallowsubterranean habitats for the evo-
Material: Kounov (SM-3), 5 April-14July 2014, lj.; 21 Ap- lution ofsubterraneanlife iswell known (Rüzicka 1999,Gia-
& &
ril-25 September2015, 68$ 2j. chino Vailati 2010, Rüzicka et al. 2013, Culver Pipan
5
SubterraneanSpielers 47
migrated into soil horizons from shallow aquatic interstitial
habitats at the time offlooding.
The modified space around the pipe can represent an ar-
tificial corridor through which invertebrates can migrate in
a vertical direction. Nevertheless, the vertical distributions
ofspiders are clearly species-specific as also documented by
Laska et al. (2011). In both cases of the common occurrence
ofP. microps and P. cambridgei (our site SM-2 and Rüzicka
et al. 2011),the smaller species Pcambridgei occupies deeper
soil horizons.
On the other hand, the soil structure is destroyed dur-
ing installation ofthe traps, and fine crevices are closed.The
reconstruction ofthe networkof voids can take severalyears,
aswe inferbythe catching ofthe first adults ofPegeria after
twoyears ofinvestigation.
Fig.4:Hahniamicrophthalma:mapoftheknownrecords
Finally,we would like to recommend the use ofcomplex
pipe traps,which enables precise documentation ofthe depth
distribution ofspecies. We would like to emphasize that to
2014) and has been repeatedly documented in recent years. document the occurrence of troglomorphic invertebrates,
Using pipe traps, Deltshev et al. (2011) collected spiders in data on the subterranean habitat (not only data on surface
soils down to the depthol 80 cm in the Bulgarian mountains. habitat,e.g.plant associations) are important.
Zangherella relicta (Kratochvfl, 1935), described from a cave
in Montenegro, was recorded, which represents the first re- Acknowledgements
cord ofthe familyAnapidae in Bulgaria.Gilgado etal.(2015) The manuscriptbenefited greatlybycomments ofJose D. Gilgado.
collected the troglomorphic millipede Typhlopsychrosoma ba- The work ofV. Rüzicka was conducted with institutional Support
eticaense (Mauries, 2013), known Irom caves, in mountain RVO:60077344.We thank StanislavVrbafor technicalsupport.
screes and concluded that some subterranean species might
have surprisingly wide distribution areas, and that study of
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&
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RüzickaV1988bThelongtimelyexposedrockdebrispitfalls.—Vestnik Cicurina cicur (Fabricius, 1793); Mastigusa arietina (Thorell,
RüzCiecskkaoVslo1v9e9n8sTkheesspoulbetcenrorsatnieaznoofloorgmisckoefL52e:pt2h3y8p-ha2n4t0esimprobulus 1871); Amaurobiidae: Amaurobiusjugorum L. Koch, 1868;
, Liocranidae:AgroecacupreaMenge, 1873,Liocranum rupicola
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