Catalog of Honduran Acanthaceae with taxonomic and phytogeographic notes

2005·47.5 MB·English

by  Thomas Daniel

Contr. Univ. Michigan Hci
HONDURAN
ACANTHACEAE
CATALOG
OF
WITH TAXONOMIC AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC NOTES
Thomas
Daniel
F.
Department Botany
of
Academy
California of Sciences
Golden Gate Park
San 94118
Francisco, California
A
Abstract. taxonomic revision of Honduran Acanthaceae based on field and herbarium studies
reveals the presence of 96 species of that family in the country. Seventy-four of these species are treated
as native to Honduras; eight of them are endemic there. Four of the endemic taxa Aphelandra molinae,
Pseudcn
Justicia pilzii,
I il
i t \ i I | i
to science. Two genera and 12 previously described species are reported from Honduras for the first time.
Oust Hans
mbni.it ' [syn. te in ia
ii i > 1 '
, , i 1 i
Durkee], and one new name, on Beloperone blechioides Leonard
sessilifolia (Oerst.) /"•,//• u> /.' '/ -a-, -<
< « 1 I
A
[non blechoides (Lindau) Steam], are proposed. lectotype designated for Ruellia molinae
Justicia is
Honduran
Gibson, a synonym of Rn, lln< iuh'ii'n Vidi S. n in plied to taxa are placed in
> i « i I
synonymy of other names. Honduras has relatively low numbers of both total native species and endemic
species of Acanthaceae compared to several smal hli un in the Mesoamerican region. This is
i i
attributed to several factors, including the prevalence of pine forests there. For each native species the
catalog include distributional data (botl vithin and <tcrnal to londuras). habital n londui period
1 I
of flowering and fruiting in Honduras, specimen citations for each Honduran department in which the
species known to occur, and descriptions and/or taxonomic discussions where appropriate.
is
INTRODUCTION
Mesoamerican Honduras second
Located the center of the region, the
in is
American mountain-
largest Central nation. Physiographically, consists of a large
it
ous core bounded by narrow Caribbean lowlands in the north and a small Pacific
The been by pre-Colombian and
lowland in the south. entire region has long settled
subsequently European and much of the land area comprises second-growth
cultures,
Honduran
There no recent treatment of the vascular but estimates
flora,
forests.
is
(Gomez
of the number of species there vary from 5000 (Gentry 1978) to 6000 et al.
summaries Honduras were provided by Nelson
1997). Brief of botanical activities in
The
and Nelson country divided into 18 depart-
(1990, 1996) et al. (1996). is politically
ments
(Fig.
1).
Honduras
With the publication of the Flora de Nicaragua (Stevens et 2001),
al.
the only nation Central America for which a recent account of Acanthaceae
in is
is
Other than descriptions of undescribed taxa and reports of range extensions,
lacking.
The
Honduras.
has been published about this large, mostly tropical family in
little
Honduran Acanthaceae Molina which
only previous account of that of (1975), in
is
the names of 80 native and exotic (including cultivated) species of the family were
MO,
EAP, Hon-
With herbarium and
the exceptions of the collections at F,
listed.
duran Acanthaceae are not well represented in the world's major herbaria. For the
family, Honduras both the least known and least collected region in Mesoamerica.
is
known
The following study was undertaken in order to document those Acanthaceae
from Honduras, to revise their nomenclature and taxonomy, assess the status of the
family in Honduras relative to the other Central American nations, and to provide
Acanthaceae from Herbarium
additional collections of the country. collections in
51
x
CON
M
Hi' lii
li
I 1 i I I < ' > i I
Honduras
^—
^
^5—
31
Y
'"!>
CP
7
j
( 17
32
L 36
OC
pM
,
9
)
\
29
•
/
24
J°
K^r_
6
;:
1
I
Map nn
FIG. 1. of Hoik n In>\\ni" [mini iM. u n
|,
i
,
(
CM
in, id iliniul, .11 Choluleca.CI Colon. Comayagua. CP = Copan,CR = Cortes,
FM
EP=
hanascn
El Paraiso, - Mo,a/an. ,D Cracias L =
-- a Dios. Inlibnca. IH Islas de la Bahfa.
( I - -.
OC
OL
LP Y
Lempira, = La Paz, = Ocotepeque. Mancho. SI! - San Barbaia.V = Valle, = Yoro.
< [a.
lomiuiMsJl I'mlo Stairs iiu
in [k tudiei ind field studies in 13 depart-
v (
ments of Honduras were conducted weeks 2000 and
for six in 2001.
Summary
of Acan'i hacfxhjs Flora of Honduras
%
Herein, species of Acanthaceae are documented from Honduras. Of 74
these,
are treated as occui ing n here and 22 are native to other regions of the world
i
I
and
either cultivated and/ot Four Aphelandra
in the country. species,
rial in
li I
molinae !'.:
Justicia Stenostephanus
/;/.-/.. hondurensis,
-.
.
I
are newly described from Honduras; two and
oetacanthus Stenostepha-
g
1 1 I
nus) are newly reported from Honduras; and
12 previously described species of
•.,.•.
Acanthaceae Mendomia
(Ih
!m\i\
••
.
guatemalensis.
\l
Ruellia metallic a Jl. an die i.-nthemoideum,
si \t pd..-..> : S/. >./,./, ./,/,.., u. Ste-
,>
t
nostephanus
o
sessilij Hi ai rc| ted as native lo oi naturali/ed in the country for
}
Among
Honduran
the time. genera of Acanthaceae. genus
first Justicia the largest
is
Rw
with 19 native species and lia is ind largest with native species. These
tl 1
1
i
two
are the largest raoi nth he! The most widely
< oi Id. distrib-
"
. i i
Honduras
uted
species in [»h ,dtu '>!< a Inch occurs 18 departments.
is ,, in all
l>
,
Eight
species
(
mum
Justicia caHiantli, n and
liesneri,
•>
> > , , >
Stenostephanus hondurensis) recogn Three
in to the country. others
! j
(Anisacanthus endemic
tela, near there
,/ 1\ (i.e.,
, i I / i i
they occur only Honduras and
in Bel Jalvadoi uatemala, and/or Nicaragua).
I
I
HONDURAN ACANTHACEAE
DANIEL:
2005
53
number
Although
neither the total of native species of vascular plants nor the
number endemic Honduras known, on
of those to are based the estimates of Davis
3%
et (1986; 5000 species and 148 endemic species) about of the species are
al. i.e.,
endemic to the country. The percentage of endemic Acanthaceae (11%) thus
is
more and one endemism
than three half times greater than the overall rate of for
the country.
Taxonomic reassessments made during study have resulted a new name
this in
new
Beloperone combination (Stenostephanm
(Justicia ciriloi for blechioides), a
sc- '':;-'., in: '/,.•..'.•" 'alius), the recognition of a species {Dicliptera anti-
>
. ,
,,,,
dysenterica) previously treated as conspecific with another, and the placing of seven
names (Dyschonsu
currently accepted ehi,J. rothschuhii,
•
amosa
Ruellialatibracteata,R.molin, R.\ id Siphai ass var. hondu-
synonymy
rensis) in the of others.
known
The Honduras
following account includes species that are to occur in
documented by specimen vouchers. Based on presence adjacent regions
as their in
of Central America, additional species of Acanthaceae might be expected to occur
Honduras, but have yet to be collected in the country. These include Aphelandra
in
Lindau, Chileranthemum pyramidatum (Lindau) Daniel, Dicliptera
gigantiflora T. F.
&
guttata Standi. Leonard, Justicia caudata A. Gray,/, eburnea D. N. Gibson,
J.fim-
&
briata (Nees) V. A. W. Graham, grandiflora D. N. Gibson, montana (Standi.
/. /.
Leonard) D. N. Gibson, silvicola D. N. Gibson, soliana Standi., Razisea spicata
/.
J.
pygmaea
Oerst, Ruellia daimell-smiihii Leonard, R. pereducta Standi, ex Lundell, R.
Donn. Sm., Schaueria parviflora (Leonard) T. F. Daniel, and Tetramerium tenuis-
simum
Rose.
and
Distribution Habitats
Wilson and Meyer presented concise and informative account of
(1982) a
Honduran physiographic, climatic, and ecological parameters in which they recog-
from American
nize nine ecological formations varying arid to dry to moist to wet.
Acanthaceae occur in diverse communities but are particularly abundant in wet and
dry lowland formations and in moist to wet montane forests. The habitat informa-
tion provided in this treatment reflects that noted on herbarium specimens, which
From
sometimes imprecise or incomplete. the pooled ecological data for a given
is
species, often possible to determine whether occurs in moist to wet vs. dry
it is it
Among
however. Honduran Acanthaceae can be unambiguously
native that
habitats,
assigned to either moist to wet or dry formations, 46 species appear restricted to the
former and only three (Henrxa insula Tetramerium nemorum, and nervosum)
T.
is,
Few American Acanthaceae
to the latter. tropical occur in pine forests (including
common
oak-pine forests), which are the most and widespread plant communities in
Honduran
Honduras. Only 10 species of native Acanthaceae have been specifically
noted have been such
to collected in forests.
Figure shows the numbers of native species of Acanthaceae in each depart-
1
ment Major
of Honduras. concentrations of species are present in the three central,
mountainous departments of Comayagua Olancho and Cortes Each
(36), (32), (31).
of these departments contains a diversity of habitats, including extensive areas of
&
both moist wet and dry formations (Wilson Meyer Olancho the
to 1982). larg-
is
department of Honduras and, according to Nelson Comayagua one of
est (1989),
is
Departments
the few relatively well-collected departments. with the fewest native
Acanthaceae are Islas de la Bahia and Valle The low numbers there are likely
(5) (6).
VOLUME
CONTR. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM
54 24
due to the small sizes of thesi par-inn a ih lack ol" ha nil id ci sky (each depart-
<J
ment
consists mostly or entirely of a single ecological formation), and the high level
human
of disturbance in the landscape Valle). Although the Bay Islands were
(i.e.,
&
much
apparently connected Id mail land throughout of the Tertiary (Wilson
tin
Meyer
1982), other small Caribbean islands near the Central American mainland are
poor Acanthaceae Fosberg
also in et 1982).
(e.g., al.
Given the country's central location and diverse communities, perhaps not
it is
numerous Acanthaceae
surprising that attain the northern- or southernmost extent
Non
Honduras. endemic Acanthaceae
of their distributions in native that attain
northernmost Honduras
the extent of their continental distributions consist of
in
Herpetucunthits
pi uellia Jul Si ssilifo/ius All are
•
/
\
species of moist to wet formations. Fifteen species of non-endemic Acanthaceae
Hon-
reach the southern- or easternmost extent of their continental distributions in
duras: Anisac anth
flora, tuxtlensis,
J.
ma
Louteridium domi<
albiflorum, O.
.
O
cuspidatuiiK h harvey
ana, R.
Ilia
puberula,Spatiuuu moideum. Most
>, u of
h, l
'<< • ,< ,, t
I t ,
these species also occur predominantly or exclusively moist to wet formations.
in
It is
me why
mystery more
a to five times northerly-oc( ach the southern
<
i
Honduras
(or eastern) limit of their distributional range in than southern species
northern
nv (heir
n
li 1
mo
Pm
\<)i
In general for Honduras, wet and dry periods are correlated with wind patterns
from
resulting migrations of the thermal equator and intertropical convergence zone
&
Meyer
(Wilson 1982); however, given the diverse topography, local weather pat-
sometimes
terns are greatly influenced by regional physiography. In general, rains
commence
normally in londuras in April or May, followed by a short dry season
1
(the so-called "veranillo") in late July and early August. Another period of rain
commences November
following the veranillo and or December. This
lasts until
is
mam
followed by the dry season of live to six months duration. At least five species
more
oi nai londi in canllia. llower or less throughout the year: Aphel-
i«
andra aurantiaca, .hisi'nia rant a unar forme, and Ruellia
v< ithrc,.. ',> n<
1 ,,
, <
hookeriana.Thc Honduran
maji remaining
ine native
\ .isi ol
,.
. i
Acanthaceae December
flower during the long dry season from into April or May.
!(
The known
son
sea flow-
h.
i
i 1 1
I
ering periods of eight species (Herpetaca Mendon-
nsiflora,
Pseuden ...
cia retusa. la.Spathacanlhus
i
hahnianus, and
ml 'hey fiowei primarily or
St
si
i
known
exclusively during the rainy scason(s). Several of these species arc from rela-
few and would
tively collections additional observations be helpful to confirm their
flowering periods. Flowering collections with corollas present) of Lophostachys
(i.e.,
zunigae and from Honduras remain unknown.
Ruellit, Fruiting usually
:t<iiiiilcxi
month
occurs simultaneously with flowering or lags only a or two behind.
Honduran Acanthaceah
Regional Context
a
in
For its relative size, location in the tropics, and topographic complexity, Hondu-
seems depauperate number
ras in the total of native species ot Acanthaceae. Table
h mi mil iceae in Central \merican nations as well as in
(i )i
I ) i i
HONDURAN
ACANTHACEAE
DANIEL:
2005
55
Table Data Northern America
Floristic for Regions of Latin
1.
The Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico comprises the states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan.
Sources for numbers of total vascular plant species are: Mexico L. Villasefior, pers. comm.), Yucatan
(J.
h
Peninsula (G.Carnc\ li.peis. In pa dl v« \" ielize (Balick et al. 2000), Guatemala
< i ) ( i
l->
i,..,
.m I, (...... II M, L997) Nicaragua (Stevens et
' ii
« I r
i
,H to Hum
u
I'M , ,,nKi (llui.nkl u HI' Colombia
i.. u I. \ic\ 1987),
,>.
• 1 ) )
(E. Forrero, pers. coram). Sources oi d ita loi lative Acanthaceae are: Mexico (Daniel, unpublished),
'"
Yucatan Peninsula (Di, .-I mij nl.li < In, ,. mi I' - I,. h/ L (Daniel 1997), Gua-
I I i ( I I i
temala (Daniel 2001 and unpublished) Salvadot (Daniel londuras (present study), Nicaragua
; ! (K)1
l. ,l ) I
(Daniel 2001), Costa Fi (Daniel 2001 Panama miel id Colombia (Daniel, unpublished);
(I !()i)
).
numbers for endemic Acanthaceae an derived from di.se same sources and from additional unpublished
information.
endem
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae
of of
Belize
Guatemala
El Salvador
londuras
1
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Mexico and Colombia to the immediate north and south. Given relatively large
its
size and habitat diversity, Honduras has fewer total species and endemic species of
Acanthaceae than several smaller regions to the north and south. This same situa-
American
tion evident to an even greater extent in Nicaragua, the largest Central
is
nation, which has only 59 total native species and just two endemic species of Acan-
thaceae.
One
numbers Acanthaceae and
can attribute the relatively small of in Belize El
Salvador to such factors as the relatively small sizes of these nations, the disturbance
there caused by humans (both pre- and post-Columbian), and the lack of a diversity
of major vegetation types. But what accounts for the small numbers in Honduras and
Assum-
Nicaragua'' ind h eater diversity of vegetation types.
It u gi
I .
ing that both countries are as well collected as Costa Rica, Panama, and Guatemala,
Honduran
there are several possible reasons for the relative paucity of (and presum-
ably Nicaraguan) Acanthaceae compared with surrounding regions:
many
Honduras
There are not as regions at high elevations in as there are
1)
Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. The highest point Honduras (Montana
in in
Celaque 2850 m) considerably lower than the higher mountains in these coun-
at
is
(each of which has several peaks above 3000 m). Although Acanthaceae are not
tries
abundant found
in the cloud forest habitats that are generally at these elevations,
gem
several genera Spathaca/itlms Sfena phanus) uid sp cies oihei
(e.g in ra
>
VOLUME
CONTR. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM
56 24
Aphelandra tonduzii Leonard. Dicliptcra iopits l.indau. skutchii Leonard,
(e.g., /).
&
Justicia imgustibructeuta Leonard. fortunensis T. Daniel Wassh.) are mostly or
F.
./.
confined such
entirely to locations.
2) There is a general absence of climatic extremes, both wet and dry, in Honduras
compared more
with several othei ime an he or continuous
less
> »n
r.
; - i< i I
dry forest or thornscrub thai extends from Mexico lo Costa Rica along the Pacific
Hond
As
Coast occupies very area onn topography.
little in Ilk la in
..
i i i > i
several of the other regions of the country supporting dry forest and thornscrub,
the limited dry region of the Pacific l!owl>an•ds .,sou;th>ern Honduras has been highly
in
degraded throuuln be
iues to severely
-n-
I
impacted by o\ei and There wet
tock agriculture. also truly
is little
i i
flu In, in porhon the low to mid elevation, moist to wet forests
»l
i i i i i i i
of the Caribbean versant Honduras have drv season decreases
in definite that their
a
compared we montane
diversity to the forests of oilier regions of Central America.
I
Even moist to wet regions at high elevations that are referred to as cloud forests in
Honduras
(and which indeed contain cloud elements) have dry
foresl a definite sea-
son and are not nearly as rich in species as cloud forests to the north or south.
The much
presence of pine forests covering of the country would appear be
3) to
many
a limiting factor for species of Acanthaceae, as noted above. Pine forests are
notably lacking in Acanthaceae wherever both occur, from the southeastern United
tan hi m id noiihern entral America to Nicaragua, where this for-
i i ! i< (
type reaches southern Hence, Acanthaceae
est extent. the lack of plant
its in this
community and
its prevalence in londuras likely help to explain the relatively low
I
number
of acanthaceous species in the country.
It is probable that there no single reason for the low numbers of both species
is
and endemic taxa in Honduras (and Nicaragua) compared to smaller political units
in the Mesoamerican region. Those numbers may result from of the factors men-
all
tioned and from additional factors that are not obvious to me. Based on the numbers
of total species presented in Table and figures cited by Bramwell (2002), appears
1 it
that taxa other than Acanthaceae show a similar pa rninthi Indeed, Almeda
»u
-n.
It
i
noted Honduran
(1996) a similar situation for Melastomataceae.
Conservation and Future
Studies
Even number
with lower acanthaceous Honduras compared
a of species
in
some Mesoamerican home
with other region th ount] to a diverse, unique,
i
i
and
interesting as emblagi anthaceae. Indeed, the percentage of Acanthaceae
*
I .
endemic to Honduras (Table similar lo that of Guatemala and Chiapas, regions
1) is
more
with considerably species. Several undescribed species are described below
and additional lava und londuras remote
will as regions
i
i > I
are explored. Fortunately, several of the endemic Acanthaceae occur protected
in
reserves \pL Parque Nacional de Celaque and Lophostachys
(e.g.. in
.
zunigae in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito). difficult to assess conservation
It is lire
Some common
status of the majority of acanthaceous species Honduras. formerly
in
may
species be seriously threatened by loss of habitat (e.g.^Anisacanthus
tetracaulis,
whereas known
see below), other species appear to be quite rare and are not to
occur in protected areas Aphelandra dunlapiana). lopefully, the information
(e.g..
1
presented in the catalog below can help to assess the conservation priorities and
needs for family Honduras.
this in
HONDURAN
ACANTHACEAE
2005 DANIEL:
57
Honduran
Collections representing three species of Acanthaceae, two of
Justi-
cia and one of Dicliptera, could not be identified; they do not sufficiently resemble
known
species in their respective genera from North and Central America be
to
name.
associated with a In this catalog, they are treated under their respective genera
but will require additional studies to determine whether they represent undescribed
known
species, fall within the circumscription of poorly South American taxa, or
represent variation within species that require taxonomic reconsideration.
La
Mosquitia that part of northeastern Honduras mainly occupied by
the
(i.e.,
indigenous Miskito people, with extensive areas of lowland pine savanna, and com-
prising most of the department of Gracias a Dios) perhaps the explored and
least
is
Honduras
least collected region of (Proctor 1983). Undoubtedly, additional native
Acanthaceae be found were Acantha-
will there. also likely that there additional
It
is
ceae in Honduras that have been extirpated during the past several hundred years.
Contents Catalog
of
Honduran
In the following enumeration of Acanthaceae at least one collection
cited from each department in which the species known to occur. For native
is
is
and
naturalized species the habitats, elevational ranges, and flowering and fruiting
times noted are based solely on Honduran collections. Distributions in the Western
Hemisphere
are noted for each native species. Detailed descriptions are provided
known Honduran
here only for poorly species and endemics. Pollen morphology
often useful for both classifying and identifying Acanthaceae. Scanning electron
is
micrographs shown and endemic
of pollen grains are for rare species, or to illustrate
used taxonomic Keys and most Acan-
characteristics in discussions. to descriptions of
thaceae occurring in Honduras are available in one or more of the following recent
treatments of American Acanthaceae: Daniel (1995b), Durkee (1978, 1986, 2001),
and Gibson The Acanthaceae Honduras
(1974). catalog also includes cultivated in as
they are represented in herbaria. In addition to those noted here, there are undoubt-
edly other exotic Acanthaceae cultivated in the country. Types of names based on
all
Honduran
Acanthaceae Taxonomic where
are noted. reconsiderations are discussed
appropriate.
HONDURAN
CATALOG ACANTHACEAE
OF
T
Acanthus montanus
(Nees) Anders.
This native of western tropical Africa cultivated in gardens in Honduras. Other
is
species of Acanthus L. are likely grown for ornament in the country as well. Nelson
(1986) noted A. mollis L. as being cultivated there, but no specimens of have been
it
located.
of Siguatepeque, planted garden. Stmullcy
ty in
P.
ct- ./.
Anisacanthus Leonard
tetracaulis
m
Young
Shrubs to 2 (-3) stems quadrate to quadrate-sulcate, ± bifariously
tall.
to ± evenly pubescent with retrorse to flexuose to antrorse eglandular trichomes
mm
0.1-1 long, distally often with an understory of evenly disposed eglandular to
mm
subglandular and glandular trichomes than long Leaves
less 0.05 as well. petiolate,
VOLUME
HERBARIUM
CONTR. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
24
58
mm mm mm
25-120 10-77
petioles to 44 long, blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, long,
wide, 1.5-3.3 times longer than wide, acuminate rounded to acute
at e
a] tn
il
1 i I i
at base, surfaces pubescent (especially along major veins) with flexuose to antrorse
eglandular trichomes, the abaxial surfaci pubescenl with understory of erect
in
ils
mm
glandular trichomes to long (sometimes restricted to midvein). Inflorescence
0.1
of axillary and terminal dichasiate spikes (to racemes to thyrses), these sometimes
branched base and collectively forming a term uses evenly pubes-
at
il]
ii
i
mm
cent with erect eglandular to subglandular and glandular trichomes to 0.1 long,
young
and usually also w .4 'l.mdular trichomes like those of
stems (especially proximally); dichasia alternate, per axil, secund, sessile to subses-
1
mm mm mm
with peduncles to long). In ubi .5-2.5 long, 0.2-0.5
sile
(i.e., I
, 1
m mm
wide, abaxial surface pubescenl rorse mi 0.2-0.5 long.
h
in ej nl -
'
ii
I
mm mm
Bracteoles subulate, 1.5-2.5 long, 0.3-0.4 wide, abaxial surface pubescent like
bracts and with understory trichomes like those of rachis as well. Flowers sessile to
mm mm mm
pedicellate, pedicels to 3 long. Calyx 6-9 long (during anthesis, up to
1
1
mm mm
long in fruit), tube 1-1.5 long, lobes lance subulate, 4.5-8 long, 3.8-8 times
mm
longer than tube, 0.8-1.6 wide, abaxially pubescent with an understory of erect
mm
glandular and eglandular trichomes 0.05-0.2 long and an overstory (sometimes
mm
absent) of flexuose to antrorse eglandular trichomes to 0.6 long. Corolla red,
;:
'Xmiulong.e
flexuose retrorse eglandular trichomes
pub<. cei vith to
llv
I
mm mm mm
0.1-0.3 long, tube 13-15 long, upper 11-15 long, 2-lobed at apex,
lip
mm mm mm
lobes to 0.8 long, lower 11—14 long, lobes ovate, 3.5-6.5 long, 2.5-4
lip
mm mm mm
Stamens 21-37
wide. long, thecae red, 2.5-3.3 long; pollen (Fig. 2a, b)
mm
23-38
3-colporate, 6-pse tale, periu ria reticulate. Style
i
mm mm
long, stigma 0.3 long, lobes not evident. Capsule 11-16 long, glabrous, head
mm
m
o >me Seeds
ib nil lo h; li, ii. l,o in lip.i -inline, o 9 long.
il
«
mm mm
2-4 per capsule, sublenticular to concavo-convex, 4.5 5.8 long, 3.5^4.6 wide,
no
an
ni'l Jii.M iuIi reulal
i
November-May;
Phenology. Flowering: February-May.
fruiting:
and op
Distribution u % ad n Ion n fields in region of moist
-
il ii si
I I
i i
|i
as di\ loicds di\ biusln quebradas, roadsides;
I..,, i,.
i , , ,i I i i il i, ,i
800-1200 m.
7(MO.PMA).—
ml Ruhio
ii v iIkIu Ei.
\i
Si'i i ii ' - i I il . . 1 1 1 i i «! i I i ( 1
N
Paraiso: Rio de Aguacates Yuscaran. Shuullev 25718 (HAP). -Francisco Morazan: Rio de
los
ol" P.
La Orilla.SW del Valle\)c Ycjui.nc, A. Molina .W,S'(I-AI', CiH).— Oi.anc ho: Campamento, Ramos
li. F, tf.
fin
oulsul
iiijl mi iln pccii )!'>> n n hi Inra in
« il « «li. li.
i i I i
2001). The type [Francisco Mora/an: region of Cahuite. 800 1075 m, dry brushy
icl
March
quebrada, 5 947. Standley 5012 (holotvpe: US!; isotypes: F! NY!)] and
P. et
oil.
1
Two
most from department Morazan.
other collections are the of Francisco species
of Anisacaiuhus (ca. 20 species, mostly from North America and South America) are
known
from Central America, one and the recently described A. nicaraguensis
this
Durkee from Nicaragua (Durkee According Durkei L999),A
1999) tetracaulis
t<
mm
differs from A. nicaraguensis by shorter corollas (22-27 33-35 long),
its vs.
mm
'
u
shorter calyces (6-9 11-15
vs. loni-i
n ^
i I I i I
mm mm
3.5-4.5 long), and shorter thecae (2.5-3.3 3.6-3.8 long). Leonard (1950)
vs.
A
auh South American
indicated that elated to the species,/!, caducifolius
tei
i
whu
Linda
(Griseb.) u, h nidi- ited red h\ its terete stems, shorter inflores-
cliff*
ii>
cence, and smaller calyces. Daniel (2001) noted some of the distinctive characters of
HONDU1
DANIEL:
:"ANTHA('EAI-:
FIG. 2. Pollen oil londuran Acanlhaci \nisacanthu iclracatdi ,'nrkcr 62'J from idor)
F.l
. . ( ! I
(Tad ''dm
iipcrtur.il vie\ I- ' </,/,,< // rt " ii tin (Molina et al. 31415),
i « I i ,
|
|
&
mleraperturai view Odoiiloncnut honditt nsi (Darnel [raqiic 9500) mi> ,i;»-ituial view. O. hondu-
<l e.
i
&
rense (Daniel Araqu. 0500) puln ic\ Mcliptt u antidxsentcricu (Dunia \ra<iu '>>> iperUiral
i •
)
view. D. antidysentenca {Daniel Araqne 9612), interapertural view, h Pscudennuhenuun liesneri
g. tv
A. tetracaulis with respect to Salvadoran Acanthaceae, but a full description of this
known
poorly species seems warranted and provided above.
is
It appears that Anisacantiuis tetracaulis becoming rare in Honduras. was
is It
commonly
and Yeguare
rather collected in the vicinity of Tegucigalpa in the Valley
until about 1950. has been collected only rarely since that time, and was unable
It I
to locate populations of during 2000 and 2001 in spite of extensive searching in
it
regions where had previously been collected. Both regions have experienced con-
it
human
siderable increases in population and environmental alteration in the years
since 1950.
HERBARIUM VOLUME24
CONTR. UNIVERSI1 IIGAN
Ml
60 Ol
I
Aphelandra
aurantiaca Lindl.
March-
December,
Phenology. Flowering: throughout April,
the year; fruiting:
July.
and Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Distribution habitat. Belize,
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Surinam, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil;
moist wet 30-360 m.
forests, forests;
m
from
Ri-tiu SL-MATivi Simumi-nn Yi ,\Yi n>\ I.iiHinll in ilia Lancetilla
11 t
i i i
FAR
Botanical Garden, 5 "44 S7 11' W. Daniel A Araqm- (CAS. MO). -Cortes: La Cum-
ca. 'N. T. '/AS'.?
J.
I
CS).—
bre desprendimiento de Sierra ue )moa. A. Molina R. .CC. CAP. Islas or la Bahi'a: Guanaja,
( ( 1 I-'.
km
Fruit Harbour Bight. Matamoros 1X7 (TEF'H). -Yoro: Cordillera NAmbre de Dios, ca. 2.5 S of
\Y.
San Jose de Texfguat, between Rio Guan Guan and Oncbrada Agiiac;ii;il. 15 Al'N, ST27.5'W, R. Evans
MO).
1316 (CAS,
Nees
The narrow-leaved form of the species, sometimes treated as A. repanda or
known Honduras
from northwestern
A. aurantiaca var. stenophylla Standi., (e.g.,
is
name
Standley 52635 at EAP, Standley 53875 at F).The type of the latter is from this
December
region: Atlanttda: .ancclilla Valley near Tela, 150 m, wet forest, 22 1927,
I
53487
Standley (holotype:
F!).
&
Aphelandra dunlapiana Williams
Standi. T. O.
m
Young
Perennial herbs or shrubs to 2 stems subquadrate to quadrate,
tall.
evenly pubescent with erect to antrorse to antrorsely appressed eglandular trichomes
mm mm
0.2-0.5 long. Leaves opposite, peliolate. petioles to 110 long, blades elliptic,
mm mm
200-350 66 138 wide, 2.3-4.0 times longer than wide, acuminate
long. at
pubescent along
apex, gradually or abruptly attenuate base, surfaces (especially
at
margin
major veins) with erect to llexuose to antrorse eglandular trichomes, entire to
mm
40-49
subsinuate. Spikes terminal, elongate, up to 180 long (excluding flowers),
mJ
nun
rum im pubescent with
n 4 is) ins e\ enl\
i>il.
(.
i i i i > i
mm
when
erect to flexuose eglandular trichomes 0.3-0.6 long. Bracts tinged reddish
mm
4-10
dry, spreading with age, ovate to elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 16-29 long,
mm
and and
wide, 2.9-4 times longer than wide, acute erect apex, abaxial surface
at
mm
margin pubescent with flexuose antrorse eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.4 long
to
mm
and pubescent with glandular trichomes 0.1-0.2 long as well, mar-
distally ereel
mm
gin dentate with (-2) teeth per side, teeth 0.2-3.5 (—1.5) long. Bracteoles often
1
mm mm
deciduous, subulate, 1.2-2.5 long, 0.2-0.4 wide, abaxial surface pubescent with
mm mm
antrorse eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.6 long. Calyx 9-14 long, lobes lanceo-
mm
late to lance-ovate, 2-2.7 wide at base, subanstate to ai istale at apex, abaxially
mm
pubescent with flexuose to antrorse eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.6 long. Corolla
mm
red, 60-67 long, externally pubescent with flexuose glandular (and a few eglan-
mm mm
dular) trichomes 0.3-1 long, upper 24-26 long, entire or 2-lobed at apex,
.2 lip
mm
lobes to long, margin flared except apex and base, lower ± perpendicular
at lip
1
mm
to or forming an obtuse angle with upper 27-32 long, lateral lobes linear-
lip,
mm mm mm
22-24 25-30
long, 2.5-6 wide, lower-central lobe long,
elliptic, elliptic,
mm
7-12 wide, 1-1 times longer and .7-3.4 times wider than lateral lobes. Stamens
.3
1
mm
55-58 long, filaments pubescent with eglandular trichomes throughout length,
mm
cobwebby
thecae 6.5-7.5 long, apically pubescent with trichomes, posterior pair
mm
extended up to 1.5 hi one n rim pollen Fn> \i c) eolpate;staminode
ir: >
(
mm
ma
not seen. Style 54-60 long, pubescent through length symmetrically
tit
i
mm
mm
funnelform, 0.2-0.3 long. Capsule 17-19 long, glabrous. Seeds ± flattened.