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Castle Rising Castle, Norfolk PDF

230 Pages·1997·42.129 MB·English
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East Anglian Archaeology No.42, 1988 Essex: Archaeology and Environment in South Essex, Rescue Archaeology along the Gray's By-pass is a serial publication sponsored by the Scole Archaeological Committee. 1979-80 The Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex Units, the Norwich Survey and the No.43, 1988 Essex: Excavation at the North Ring, Mucking, Essex: Fenland Project all contribute volumes to the series. It is the main vehicle A Late Bronze Age Enclosure for publishing final reports on archaeological excavations and surveys in No.44, 1988 Norfolk: Six Deserted Villages in Norfolk the region. Copies and information about the contents of all volumes can No.45, 1988 Norfolk: The Fenland Project No. 3: Marshland and be obtained from: theNar Valley, Norfolk Centre of East Anglian Studies, No.46, 1989 Norfolk: The Deserted Medieval Village of Thuxton, University of East Anglia, Norfolk Norwich, NR4 7TJ No.47, 1989 Suffolk: West Stow, Suffolk: Early Anglo-Saxon Animal Husbandry or directly from the Archaeology Unit publishing a particular volume. No.48, 1989 Suffolk: West Stow, Suffolk: The Prehistoric and Reports available so far: Romano-British Occupations No. I, 1975 Suffolk: various papers No.49, 1990 Norfolk: The Evolution of Settlement in Three No.2, 1976 Norfolk: various papers Parishes in South-East Norfolk No.3, 1977 Suffolk: various papers No.50, 1993 Proceedings of the Flatlands and Wetlands Conference No.4, 1976 Norfolk: Late Saxon town ofThetford No.51, 1991 Norfolk: The Ruined and Disused Churches of Norfolk No.5, 1977 Norfolk: various papers on Roman sites No.52, 1991 Norfolk: The Fenland Project No. 4, The Wissey No.6, 1977 Norfolk: Spong Hill Anglo-Saxon cemetery Embayment and Fen Causeway No.7, 1978 Norfolk: Bergh Apton Anglo-Saxon cemetery No.53, 1992 Norfolk: Excavations in Thetford, 1980-82, Fison Way No.8, 1978 Norfolk: various papers No.54, 1992 Norfolk: The Iron Age Forts of Norfolk No.9, 1980 Norfolk: North Elmharn Park No.55, 1992 Lincolnshire: The Fenland Project No.5: Lincolnshire No.lO, 1980 Norfolk: village sites in Launditch Hundred Survey, The South-West Fens No.ll, 1981 Norfolk: Spong Hill, Part 11 No.56, 1992 Cambridgeshire: The Fenland Project No.6: The No.l2, 1981 The barrows of East Anglia South-Western Cambridgeshire Fens No.l3, 1981 Norwich: Eighteen centuries of pottery from Norwich No.57, 1993 Norfolk and Lincolnshire: Excavations at Redgate Hill No.l4, 1982 Norfolk: various papers Hunstanton; and Tattershall Thorpe No.l5, 1982 Norwich: Excavations in Norwich 1971-1978; Part I No.58, 1993 Norwich: Households: The Medieval and No.l6, 1982 Norfolk: Beaker domestic sites in the Fen-edge and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey East Anglia Excavations 1971-1978 No.l7, 1983 Norwich: Waterfront excavations and Thetford-type No.59, 1993 Fenland: The South-West Fen Dyke Survey Project Ware production, Norwich 1982-1986 No.l8, 1983 Norfolk: The archaeology of Witton No.60, 1993 Norfolk: Caister-on-Sea: Excavations by Charles No.l9, 1983 Norfolk: Two post-medieval earthenware pottery Green, 1951-55 groups from Fulmodeston No.61, 1993 Fenland: The Fenland Project No.7: Excavations in No.20, 1983 Norfolk: Burgh Castle: excavation by Charles Green, Peterborough and the Lower Welland Valley 1958--61 1960-1969 No.21, 1984 Norfolk: Spong Hill, Part lli No.62, 1993 Norfolk: Excavations in Thetford by B.K. Davison, No.22, 1984 Norfolk: Excavations in Thetford, 1948-59 and between I 964 and 1970 1973-80 No.63, 1993 Norfolk: Illington: A Study of a Breckland Parish and No.23, 1985 Norfolk: Excavations at Brancaster 1974 and 1977 its Anglo-Saxon Cemetery No.24, 1985 Suffolk: West Stow, the Anglo-Saxon village No.64, 1994 Norfolk: The Late Saxon and Medieval Pottery No.25, 1985 Essex: Excavations by Mr H.P.Cooper on the Roman Industry of Grimston: Excavations 1962-92 site at Hill Farm, Gestingthorpe, Essex No.65, 1993 Suffolk: Settlements on Hill-tops: Seven Prehistoric No.26, 1985 Norwich: Excavations in Norwich 1971-78; Part 11 Sites inS uffolk No.27, 1985 Cambridgeshire: The Fenland Project No.!: No.66, 1993 Lincolnshire: The Fenland Project No.8: Lincolnshire Archaeology and Environment in the Lower Welland Survey, the Northern Fen-Edge valley No.67, 1994 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, No.28, 1985 Norwich: Excavations within the north-east bailey of Norwich Castle, 1978 North Elmham, Part V: Catalogue of Cremations No.29, 1986 Norfolk: Barrow excavations in Norfolk, 1950-82 No.68, 1994 Norwich: Excavations at Fishergate, Norwich 1985 No.30, 1986 Norfolk: Excavations at Thomharn, Warham, Wighton No.69, 1994 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, \I and Caistor St. Edmund, Norfolk North Elmham, Part VIII: The Cremations No.31, 1986 Norfolk: Settlement, religion and industry on the No.70, 1994 Fenland: The Fenland Project No.9: Flandrian I Fen-edge; three Romano-British sites in Norfolk Environmental Change in Fenland No.32, 1987 Norfolk: Three Norman Churches in Norfolk No.71, 1995 Essex: The Archaeology of the Essex Coast Vol.l: The No.33, 1987 Essex: Excavation of a Cropmark Enclosure Complex Hullbridge Survey Project at Woodham Waiter, Essex, 1976 and An Assessment No.72, 1995 Norfolk: Excavations at Redcastle Furze, Thetford, of Excavated Enclosures in Essex 1988-9 No.34, 1987 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, No.73, 1995 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmharn, Part IV: Catalogue of Cremations North Elmharn, Part VII: Iron Age, Roman and Early No.35, 1987 Cambridgeshire: The Fenland Project No.2: Fenland Saxon Settlement Landscapes and Settlement between Peterborough and No.74, 1995 Norfolk: A Late Neolithic, Saxon and Medieval Site at March Middle Harling No.36, 1987 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at No.75, 1995 Essex: North Shoebury: Settlement and Economy in Momingthorpe: Catalogue South-east Essex 1500-ADI500 No.37, 1987 Norwich: Excavations at St Martin-at-Palace Plain, No.76, 1996 Nene Valley: Orton Hall Farm: A Roman and Early Norwich, 1981 Anglo-Saxon Farmstead No.38, 1987 Suffolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Westgarth No.77, 1996 Norfolk: Barrow Excavations in Norfolk, 1984-88 Gardens, Bury St Edmunds: Catalogue No.78, 1996 Norfolk: The Fenland Project No.ll: The Wissey No.39, 1988 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, Embayment: Evidence for pre-Iron Age Occupation North Elmham, Norfolk, Part VI: Occupation during No.79, 1996 Cambridgeshire: The Fenland Project No.! 0: the 7th-2nd millennia BC Cambridgeshire Survey, the Isle of Ely and Wisbech No.40, 1988 Suffolk: Burgh: The Iron Age and Roman Enclosure No.80, 1997 Norfolk: Barton Bendish and Caldecote: fieldwork in No.41, 1988 Essex: Excavations at Great Dunmow, Essex: a south-west Norfolk Romano-British small town in the Trinovantian Civitas No.81, 1997 Norfolk: Castle Rising Castle EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY Castle Rising Castle, Norfolk by Beric Morley and David Gurney with contributions from Susanne Atkin, Matthew Canti, John Cherry, H.E.M. Cool, Elisabeth Crowfoot, Andrew Crowson, B.M.A. Ellis, J.G. Evans, Prances Healy, Michael Heyworth, R. T. J ones, David King, Barry Knight, Alison Locker, Sue Margeson, Bill Milligan, Graham Morgan, Terry O'Connor, A.R. Pipe, K. Reilly, S.E. Rigold, Paul Rutledge, Brian Spencer, D.F. Williams and Val Williams with illustrations by Steven Ashley, Andrew Crowson, Judith Dobie, David Fox, David Gurney and Hoste Spalding and photographs by Derek A. Edwards, Beric Morley and David Wicks East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 81, 1997 Field Archaeology Division Norfolk Museums Service EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT NO. 81 Published by Field Archaeology Division Norfolk Museums Service Union House Gressenhall Dereham Norfolk NR20 4DR in conjunction with The Scole Archaeological Committee Editor: Peter Wade-Martins Managing Editor: Jenny Glazebrook Scole Editorial Sub-committee: David Buckley, County Archaeologist, Essex Planning Department Keith Wade, County Archaeologist, Suffolk Planning Department Peter Wade-Martins, County Field Archaeologist, Norfolk Museums Service Stanley West Set in Times Roman by Joan Daniells using ®Ventura Publisher Printed by Geerings of Ashford Ltd., Ashford, Kent ©FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY DIVISION, NORFOLK MUSEUMS SERVICE ISBN 0 905594 23 1 For details of East Anglian Archaeology, see inside front cover This volume is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage Cover: Aerial photograph of Castle Rising castle and village, looking north-west. 22 Sept 1987 (Ref. TF6624/ABY/DFH6). Photo: Derek A. Edwards Contents Contents v The yellow sand surface 34 List of Plates v1 Later floorings in the west of the nave 34 List of Figures vii The south doorway and the area outside it 38 List of Tables vm The brick floors 38 Contents of Microfiche vm The Tudor fireplace 38 List of Contributors ix Acknowledgements x Chapter 5. The keep Summary x I. Construction 39 11. Levelling and dating 39 Chapter 1. Introduction Ill. Ancillary buildings 42 I. Setting and historical background 1 IV. Medieval features west of the keep 42 The status and planning of Castle Rising 1 The significance of the castle 3 Chapter 6. The defences The castle unfinished 3 I. Introduction 46 Later history 4 11. The main ringwork 46 11. The excavations 4 The original bank 46 Methodology 5 The bank heightening 49 Ill. Geology and the natural in the excavated The final capping of the bank 49 area 7 Ill. The western outwork 51 The ditch profile and fill 51 Chapter 2. Prehistoric and Roman evidence The bank structure 52 I. Neolithic and Bronze Age material 9 The infill of the loop 52 11. Iron Age material 9 Ill. Roman period material and features 9 Chapter 7. The area south of the keep I. Introduction 56 Chapter 3. Saxo-Norman and early medieval 11. The dating 56 features Ill. Period 0 56 I. Introduction 11 The timber-framed kitchen 56 11. Features pre-dating the early Norman The buildings of c. 1330 60 church 11 IV. Period 1 (soon after 1330) 64 Ill. Features pre-dating the keep 13 V. Period 2 (mid-14th century) 65 Horizon 1 13 The use of the timber kitchen 69 Horizon 2 14 The dating and context of the kitchen 70 Horizon 3 14 Associated features 70 Horizon 4 15 VI. Period 3 (early 15th century) 70 IV. Features south of and earlier than the VII. Period 4 (early 15th century to 1500) 71 keep in Area 12 17 The later years of Period 4 74 V. Early features below the 14th-century VIII. Period 5 (mid-16th century) 75 buildings south of the keep 20 Area 8 20 Chapter 8. Rebuilding south of the keep 78 Area 9 20 Area 10 23 n Area11 Chapter 9. Demolition of the buildings south VI. Other Saxo-Norman finds in the area 23 of the keep I. The Period 3 kitchen 80 Chapter 4. The early Norman church 11. The Period 4 building 81 I. Introduction 24 Ill. The Period 5 kitchen area 81 11. General description 24 IV. The south and west ranges 81 Ill. The recent history of the church 24 IV. The modern excavations 24 Chapter 10. Post-medieval activity 83 V. The fabric of the church 24 VI. The archaeological evidence 27 Chapter 11. The artefacts (other than pottery) The construction of the building 27 The bell pit and related features 28 I. Prehistoric and Roman 85 The benching 31 The struck flint, by Prances Healy 85 Floor surfaces 31 Roman coin, by the late S.E.Rigold 85 VII. The area south of the church 32 Roman building materials, by VIII. The area north of the church 34 David Gurney with Graham Morgan 85 IX. The later history of the church 34 11. Saxo-Norman, medieval and later 85 V The coins, jettons and tokens, by the late Introduction 123 S.E. Rigold 85 Phasing 123 The small finds, by Val Williams_ 87 Comparison of the large mammals 123 Introduction 87 Castle Rising Chase 128 Non-ferrous metal objects, with David King, Other mammals 128 Sue Margeson and Brian Spencer 87 Birds 129 Iron objects 93 Butchery (microfiche) 131 Bone objects 97 Fired clay objects 100 11. The fish bones, by Alison Locker 131 Stone objects 100 Ill. Land molluscs, by J.G. Evans 131 The clay pipes, by Susanne Atkin 101 iv. Marine molluscs, by Terry O'Connor 132 Vessel glass, by H.E.M. Cool 104 Window glass, by David King 106 Chapter 14. Discussion and Conclusions Window leads and ties, by David King 106 I. Summaiy 133 Bricks and tiles 109 11. Discussion 133 The evidence of bell-founding and other technological activities in the church, Activity pre-dating the castle 133 by Michael Heyworth 110 c. 1140-1243. The castle keep and earth works 133 Chapter 12. The pottery 1243-1329. The Montalt ownership 135 I. Iron Age 112 1331-1358. Queen Isabella's occupancy 135 11. Roman 112 1358-1544. The Duchy of Cornwall 137 Ill. Saxo-Norman, medieval and later, Decay and demolition 138 by Bill Milligan 112 Future work 138 Introduction 112 The fabrics 112 Appendix I. The Ticket Office Site, 1987, Group I 113 by David Gurney 139 Group 11 113 Appendix 11. Guide to the Archive, Group Ill 117 by Andrew Crowson 143 Group IV 120 Appendix Ill. The Settlement Pattern of Other sherds 120 Castle Rising, Discussion 120 by Paul Rutledge 144 Chapter 13. Zoological evidence Bibliography 146 I. The animal bones, by R.T. I ones, Index, by Peter Gunn 149 K. Reilly and A.R. Pipe 123 Microfiche List of Plates Plate I Aerial photograph of the castle 2 Plate X Area 10: the kitchens 57 Plate 11 Trench 62: the structure pre-dating Plate XI The garderobe block of the west the keep 18 range 61 Plate Ill Trench 69: Saxo-Norman gully 23 Plate XII The west end of the chapel 61 Plate IV Trench 33: the south-east corner of Plate XIII Trench 54: well and south wall of the nave 25 the south range 63 Plate V The bell pit: stones forming the flue 28 Plate XIV The porch and south door of the Plate VI The bell pit: the clay pad 29 Period 3 kitchen 71 Plate VII Trench 55: the kitchen waste pit 45 Plate XV Area 10: kitchens and Period 5 Plate VIII Trenches 29 and 34: the defences structures 76 west of the keep 46 Plate XVI Trenches 52 and 59: Period 5 Plate IX Trench 32: section through the ovens, mortar and floor 76 ditch of the western outwork 51 Plate XVII Map of Rising Chase 1588 145 vi List of Figures Fig.1 Location maps xii Fig.40 Profiles across the earthworks 47 Fig.2 Plan of the earth works and Fig.41 Location and profile of trenches excavated areas Xll north of the church 48 Fig.3 Plan of areas and trenches 5 Fig.42 Plan of Trench 31, showing the Fig.4 Conventions 6 bank-top walls 50 Fig.S Map of geology 6 Fig.43 Sections 31-32 showing final Fig.6 Plan showing changes in natural 7 capping of the bank 50 Fig.7 Model profile of natural Fig.44 Plan and Sections 33-34 showing stratification !:! the western uulwork ditch and bank 53 Fig.8 Plan of Roman features and finds 10 Fig.45 Plan and Section 35 showing the Fig.9 Sections 1-3, showing Roman infill of the loop 54 gullies 10 Fig.46 Plan of Period 0 south of the keep 57 Fig.10 Plan of features pre-dating the Fig.47 Reconstructed section through the church 12 early kitchen 58 Fig.11 Sections 4-6, showing pre-church Fig.48 The west range and chapel, drawn features 13 in 1701 60 Fig.12 Plan of features pre-dating the Fig.49 Plan of Period 1 south of the keep 65 · keep, Horizon 1 14 Fig .50 Area 10 walls 66 Fig.13 Plan of features pre-dating the Fig.51 Area 10, Sections 36-37 67 . keep, Horizon 2 15 Fig.52 Area 10, Section 38 68 Fig.14 Plan of features pre-dating the Fig.53 Plan of Period 2 south of the keep 69 keep, Horizon 3 16 Fig.54 Plan of Period 3 south of the keep 72 Fig.15 Sections 7-8, showing Horizon 3 Fig.55 Reconstructed elevation of the features 16 Period 3 kitchen chimney 73 Fig.16 Plan of features pre-dating the Fig.56 Plan of Period 4 south of the keep 74 keep, Horizon 4 17 Fig.57 Plan of Period 5 south of the keep 75 Fig.17 Plan and Sections 9-10, showing Fig.58 Non-ferrous dress fittings 86 the structure south of and earlier Fig.59 Non-ferrous chapes 87 than the keep 19 Fig.60 Non-ferrous fittings for wood or Fig.18 Plan of early features below the leather 88 buildings south of the keep 21 Fig.61 Non-ferrous domestic objects 89 Fig.19 Sections 11, 13 and 14, showing Fig.62 Non-ferrous domestic objects 90 Saxo-Norman features 22 Fig.63 Non-ferrous domestic objects 91 Fig.20 Section 15, showing Saxo-Norman Fig.64 Other non-ferrous objects 92 gully 23 Fig.65 Iron dress fittings 93 Fig.21 Plan of church, bell pit and related Fig.66 Iron knives 94 features 25 Fig.67 Iron domestic objects 95 Fig.22 Reconstruction of the church 26 Fig.68 Iron keys and locks 95 Fig.23 Graffito on plaster of church wall 27 Fig.69 Iron military equipment 95 Fig.24 Plan and Sections 16-17 of the bell Fig.70 Iron spurs 96 pit 30 Fig.71 Other iron objects 97 Fig.25 Plan of the area within the tower 31 Fig.72 Iron shackles 98 Fig.26 Section 18, in the chancel 31 Fig.73 Bone tools and utensils 99 Fig.27 Plans of benching in the church 32 Fig.74 Bone handles 99 Fig.28 Plan of features south of the church 33 Fig.75 Dice and other objects of bone 100 Fig.29 Section 19, showing graves south Fig.76 Fired clay and stone objects 100 of the church 33 Fig.77 Stone mortar 102 Fig.30 Plan of features north of the church 33 Fig.78 Clay pipes 103 Fig.31 Sections 20-21 north of the church 35 Fig.79 Vessel glass 105 Fig.32 Plan of the church, showing sand Fig.80 Window glass 107 surface and features 36 Fig.81 Window glass 108 Fig.33 Plan of later surfaces in the chancel Fig.82 Lead cames 108 and south of the church 36 Fig.83 Waste cames 109 Fig.34 Section 22, showing surfaces south Fig.84 Bawsey tiles 110 of the church 37 Fig.85 Pottery Group I 114 Fig.35 Plan of trenches in the keep 40 Fig.86 Pottery Group I 115 Fig.36 · Sections 23-25 in the keep 40 Fig.87 Pottery Group 11 116 Fig.37 Plan of medieval features west of Fig.88 Pottery Group Ill 118 the keep 41 Fig.89 Pottery Group Ill 119 Fig.38 Section 26, west of the keep 43 Fig.90 Other pottery 121 Fig.39 Sections 27-30, west of the keep 44 Fig.91 Pig mandible ageing 126 Vll Fig.92 Sheep/goat mandible ageing 127 Fig.98 Domestic fowl tarsometatarsi Fig.93 Cow mandible ageing 127 lengths (microfiche) Fig.94 Fallow deer butchery (microfiche) Fig.99 Reconstruction of lodgings Fig.95 Domestic fowl humeri lengths buildings 134 (microfiche) Fig.100 Outline reconstructions of Periods Fig.96 Domestic fowl ulnae lengths 0-5 south of the keep 136 (microfiche) Fig.101 1987 excavation: location plan 140 Fig.97 Domestic fowl femora lengths Fig.102 1987 excavation: excavation plan 141 (microfiche) Fig.l03 1987 excavation: Section 36 142 List of Tables (all for Zoological evidence, Chapter 13) Table 4 Major species 126 Table 1 Fragments by phase and totals 123 Table 5 Smaller common species 129 Table 2 Species list 124 Table 6 Domestic birds 130 Table 3 Species list and numbers by phase 125 Tables 7-34 (microfiche) Contents of Microfiche Fig.94 Fallow deer butchery Table 18 Fallow deer antlers Fig.95 Domestic fowl humeri lengths Table 19 Fallow deer measurements Fig.96 Domestic fowl ulnae lengths Table 20 Dog bones Fig.97 Domestic fowl femora lengths Table 21 Dog epiphysis fusion Fig.98 Domestic fowl tarsometatarsi Table 22 Dog/cat measurements lengths Table 23 Cat bones Table 7 Cow, sheep/goat and pig numbers Table 24 Cat epiphysis fusion Table 8 Cow, sheep/goat and pig mandibles Table 25 Rabbit bones Table 9 Cow, sheep/goat, pig and fallow Table 26 Rabbit epiphysis fusion deer meat weights Table 27 Hare bones Table 10 Sheep/goat horncores Table 28 Hare epiphysis fusion Table 11 Cattle mandible ageing Table 29 Fowl bones Table 12 Sheep/goat mandible ageing Table 30 Fowllongbone fusion Table 13 Pig mandible ageing Table 31 Goose bones Table 14 Cow, sheep/goat and pig withers Table 32 Duck bones heights Table 33 Fish bones Table 15 Fallow deer numbers and bones Table 34 Molluscs Table 16 Fallow deer epiphysis fusion Animal bones: butchery evidence by species Table 17 Fallow deer mandible ageing VIII

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